秸秆还田与灌溉方式对大豆玉米带状间作出苗及幼苗生长的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.005

中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (17): 3366-3383.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

秸秆还田与灌溉方式对大豆玉米带状间作出苗及幼苗生长的影响

杨立达¹(), 彭新月¹, 朱文雪¹, 赵静², 袁晓婷¹, 林萍¹, 罗凯¹, 李易玲¹, 罗春明³, 李雨泽¹, 杨文钰¹, 雍太文¹()

¹ 四川农业大学农学院/农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/四川省作物带状复合种植工程技术研究中心，成都 611130
² 山东省德州市禹城市农业农村局，山东德州 251200
³ 四川省遂宁市安居区农业农村局，四川遂宁 629000

收稿日期:2024-01-29 接受日期:2024-07-23 出版日期:2024-09-01 发布日期:2024-09-04
通信作者:
雍太文，E-mail：yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn
联系方式: 杨立达，E-mail：1250526375@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-04-PS21); 四川省育种攻关项目(2021YFYZ0005)

Effects of Straw Returning and Irrigation Methods on Seedling Emergence and Growth in Soybean and Maize Strip Intercropping

YANG LiDa¹(), PENG XinYue¹, ZHU WenXue¹, ZHAO Jing², YUAN XiaoTing¹, LIN Ping¹, LUO Kai¹, LI YiLing¹, LUO ChunMing³, LI YuZe¹, YANG WenYu¹, YONG TaiWen¹()

¹ College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu 611130
² Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Yucheng City, Dezhou City, Shandong Province, Dezhou 251200, Shandong
³ Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Anju District, Suining City, Sichuan Province, Suining 629000, Sichuan

Received:2024-01-29 Accepted:2024-07-23 Published:2024-09-01 Online:2024-09-04

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】大豆玉米带状间作是我国大豆产能提升工程的重要栽培模式。探究秸秆还田与灌溉方式对大豆玉米带状间作作物出苗及幼苗生长质量的影响，以期为带状间作解决出苗难题提供理论支撑。【方法】试验于2022和2023年在山东省德州市禹城市和四川省遂宁市安居区进行，采用二因素裂区试验，设置3种秸秆还田方式（S1，秸秆不还田；S2，秸秆灭茬还田；S3，秸秆留茬还田）和3种灌溉方式（W1，抢墒播种；W2，畦灌造墒；W3，播后喷灌），研究其对带状间作作物出苗及幼苗生长的影响。【结果】灌溉可显著提高土壤含水量并缓解土壤紧实度，进而有效提高大豆、玉米出苗率，缩短出苗时间。禹城S2处理下W3、W2、W1的大豆出苗率分别为71.00%、45.70%、38.50%；安居S2处理下W3、W2、W1的大豆出苗率分别为90.17%、88.50%、61.67%，W2、W3的出苗时间较W1分别缩短3.29、2.92 d。不同灌溉方式下玉米出苗率均可达到90%以上，但出苗时间明显不同。禹城W2、W3的玉米出苗时间较W1分别缩短1.90、3.10 d；安居W2、W3较W1分别缩短0.96、0.60 d。秸秆还田显著提高了土壤含水量并降低土壤紧实度，两地效果均表现为S2>S3>S1。禹城秸秆还田在W1处理下可显著提高大豆出苗率，S2较S1提高45.08%。秸秆还田对两地玉米出苗率均无明显影响。秸秆还田与灌溉均显著提高了安居大豆脂肪酶（LPS）和玉米α-淀粉酶活性（α-AL），W2、W3的LPS较W1分别高26.86%、37.77%，S2的LPS较S3、S1分别高14.14%、18.05%；W2的α-AL较W1平均高189.47%，S2的α-AL较S3、S1分别高61.52%、127.33%。2个灌溉处理均可促进两地大豆、玉米的生长发育，提高幼苗生长率和整齐度，W3、W2的大豆株高较W1分别平均高21.74%、15.70%，茎粗分别平均高12.52%、28.15%。叶面积分别平均高11.84%、38.78%；W3、W2的玉米株高较W1分别平均高21.80%、20.62%，茎粗分别平均高37.69%、26.39%，W3的叶面积较W2、W1分别平均高36.56%、73.33%。秸秆还田显著影响禹城玉米幼苗长势，表现为S3>S1>S2，S3的株高较S1、S2分别高19.92%、27.31%；茎粗分别高27.59%、59.80%；叶面积分别高42.76%、68.54%。【结论】顺利出苗和构建良好的幼苗群体是实现高产的基础，播后喷灌通过改善耕层物理结构进而促进带状间作出苗并缩短出苗时间，为后续作物生长提供了有利条件。秸秆留茬还田可提高禹城带状间作幼苗生长质量；秸秆灭茬还田具有蓄水和缓解土壤紧实的特点，有利于无灌溉下大豆出苗，对安居带状间作作物形成壮苗具有促进作用。

关键词: 大豆玉米带状间作, 秸秆还田, 灌溉方式, 出苗率, 幼苗生长

Abstract:

【Objective】Soybean and maize strip intercropping is an important cultivation pattern for soybean productivity improvement project in China. In this experiment, the effects of straw returning and irrigation methods on the emergence and seedling growth quality in soybean and maize strip intercropping were investigated, in order to provide the theoretical support for the strip intercropping to solve the problem of seedling emergence.【Method】Two-factor split plot zone design was adopted, three straw returning methods (non-returning straw (S1), returning straw with no stubble (S2), and returning straw with stubble (S3)) and three irrigation methods (non-irrigation (W1), check irrigation before sowing (W2), and spray irrigation after sowing (W3)) were set up, and their effects on seedling emergence and growth of strip intercropping crops were researched.【Result】Irrigation could significantly increase soil water content and alleviate soil compactness, thus effectively improving the emergence rate of soybean and maize, and shortening the emergence time. The seedling emergence rates under W3, W2 and W1 with S2 were 71.00%, 45.70% and 38.50% in Yucheng, respectively. The seedling emergence rates under W3, W2 and W1 with S2 were 90.17%, 88.50% and 61.67% in Anju, respectively. The emergence time under W2 and W3 was 3.29 d and 2.92 d shorter than that under W1, respectively. Under different irrigation methods, there was no significant difference in the seedling emergence rate of maize, which could reach more than 90%, but the seedling emergence time was significantly different. The emergence time of maize under W2 and W3 was 1.9 d and 3.1 d shorter than that under W1 in Yucheng, respectively. The emergence time of maize under W2 and W3 was 0.96 d and 0.6 d shorter than that under W1 in Anju, respectively. Straw returning significantly increased soil water content and decreased soil compactness, and the effects in both places were S2>S3>S1. Straw returning to the field under W1 could significantly improve the soybean seedling emergence rate in Yucheng, in which S2 was 45.08% higher than S1. Straw returning had no significant effect on the emergence rate of maize in the two places. Straw returning and irrigation significantly increased the activity of soybean lipase (LPS) and maize α-amylase (α-AL). The LPS of W2 and W3 were 26.86% and 37.77% higher than that of W1, respectively. The LPS under S2 was 14.14% and 18.05% higher than that under S3 and S1, respectively. The α-AL under W2 was 189.47% higher than that under W1, and the α-AL under S2 was 61.52% and 127.33% higher than that under S3 and S1, respectively. The two irrigation treatments could promote the growth and development of soybean and maize, and improve the seedling growth rate and uniformity. The soybean plant height under W3 and W2 was 21.74% and 15.70% higher than that under W1, respectively, wihle the stem diameter was 12.52% and 28.15% higher, respectively, and the leaf area was 11.84% and 38.78% higher, respectively. The maize plant height under W3 and W2 was 21.80% and 20.62% higher than that under W1, respectively, while the stem diameter was 37.69% and 26.39% higher than that under W1, respectively, and the leaf area under W3 was 36.56% and 73.33% higher than that under W2 and W1, respectively. Straw returning significantly affected the growth of maize seedlings in Yucheng, showing S3>S1>S2. The plant height under S3 was 19.92% and 27.31% higher than that under S1 and S2, respectively, while the stem diameter was 27.59% and 59.80% higher, respectively, and the leaf area was 42.76% and 68.54% higher, respectively.【Conclusion】Successful emergence and construction of a good seedling population were the basis for achieving high yield. Spray irrigation after sowing improved the physical structure of the plough layer, thus promoted the emergence of seedlings and shortened the emergence time in strip intercropping, and provided favorable conditions for subsequent crop growth. Returning straw with stubble could improve the growth quality of strip intercropping seedlings in Yucheng. Returning straw with no stubble had the characteristics of water storage and alleviating soil compaction, it is beneficial to soybean emergence without irrigation, and has a promoting effect on the formation of strong seedlings of strip intercropping crops in Anju.

Key words: soybean and maize strip intercropping, straw returning, irrigation methods, seedling emergence rate, seedling growth

杨立达, 彭新月, 朱文雪, 赵静, 袁晓婷, 林萍, 罗凯, 李易玲, 罗春明, 李雨泽, 杨文钰, 雍太文. 秸秆还田与灌溉方式对大豆玉米带状间作出苗及幼苗生长的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(17): 3366-3383.

YANG LiDa, PENG XinYue, ZHU WenXue, ZHAO Jing, YUAN XiaoTing, LIN Ping, LUO Kai, LI YiLing, LUO ChunMing, LI YuZe, YANG WenYu, YONG TaiWen. Effects of Straw Returning and Irrigation Methods on Seedling Emergence and Growth in Soybean and Maize Strip Intercropping[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(17): 3366-3383.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.005

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2024/V57/I17/3366

图/表 17

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表1

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表2

秸秆还田与灌溉方式对大豆植株表型的影响"

地区 Region	处理 Treatment		3叶期 V3			5叶期 V5
地区 Region	处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height (cm)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)	株高 Plant height (cm)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)
禹城 Yucheng	S1	W1	13.58±0.12b	4.49±0.32a	191.80±48.89b	21.43±1.02b	4.88±0.24b	385.62±9.58c
		W2	15.86±0.19a	4.56±0.31a	258.55±28.04ab	23.66±1.42b	5.62±0.16ab	543.77±42.35b
		W3	15.79±0.30a	4.86±0.17a	296.94±8.85a	26.40±0.83a	5.70±0.07a	632.17±18.17a
	S2	W1	14.19±0.43b	4.31±0.17a	235.97±25.86b	20.18±1.05b	5.42±0.28ab	534.00±7.72b
		W2	13.82±0.23b	3.67±0.13b	183.78±15.34b	19.27±0.13b	4.84±0.12b	379.70±25.52c
		W3	15.97±0.59a	4.91±0.09a	323.91±5.57a	24.59±0.29a	5.84±0.11a	627.74±8.77a
	S3	W1	14.79±0.40b	3.69±0.14b	175.56±28.91b	22.34±0.58b	5.36±0.26a	464.84±28.83b
		W2	16.49±0.69a	4.30±0.30ab	269.93±48.93a	24.62±0.28ab	5.15±0.40a	498.13±38.28b
		W3	17.22±0.37a	4.85±0.11a	294.22±7.04a	25.84±0.56a	5.82±0.40a	603.84±46.14a
秸秆还田 Straw mulching (S)			10.89**	2.72ns	0.58ns	11.78**	0.07ns	0.72ns
灌溉方式 Irrigation regime (W)			20.68**	10.89**	10.05**	23.26**	5.23*	28.71**
秸秆还田×灌溉方式 S×W			3.29*	2.98*	2.07ns	2.15ns	1.89ns	7.79**
安居 Anju	S1	W1	13.03±0.18c	3.40±0.14b	321.92±4.88b	19.92±0.94b	3.75±0.07b	386.28±10.15b
		W2	15.03±0.27b	3.62±0.04b	363.99±7.82ab	24.10±0.72a	4.27±0.15a	525.16±48.63a
		W3	16.60±0.56a	3.99±0.02a	395.09±33.60a	23.96±0.92a	4.60±0.23a	571.56±45.33a
	S2	W1	14.39±0.31b	3.78±0.13a	326.01±10.56b	22.91±0.83b	4.40±0.11a	541.07±65.83b
		W2	15.62±0.31a	4.12±0.05a	410.00±17.09a	26.68±0.84a	4.64±0.13a	687.67±15.64a
		W3	16.10±0.32a	3.94±0.07a	376.93±6.46a	26.76±0.82a	4.80±0.15a	637.81±16.96ab
	S3	W1	14.18±0.48a	3.38±0.08c	345.82±8.54a	21.01±0.38b	3.98±0.09b	479.50±12.62b
		W2	14.62±0.33a	3.76±0.13b	367.75±10.18a	23.59±0.64a	4.52±0.25a	562.62±23.01ab
		W3	14.89±0.38a	4.22±0.25a	384.59±6.24a	25.22±0.31a	4.64±0.27a	619.53±20.39a
秸秆还田Straw mulching (S)			3.73*	3.94*	0.41ns	11.68**	4.77*	10.53**
灌溉方式Irrigation regime (W)			22.93**	14.66**	12.98**	26.13**	12.28**	15.10**
秸秆还田×灌溉方式 S×W			4.01*	2.81ns	1.95ns	0.50ns	0.60ns	0.95ns

表2

表3

秸秆还田与灌溉方式对玉米植株表型的影响"

地区 Region	处理 Treatment		4叶期 V4			6叶期 V6
地区 Region	处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height (cm)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)	株高 Plant height (cm)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)
禹城 Yucheng	S1	W1	43.23±0.89b	5.11±0.25b	228.49±19.14c	68.58±2.10b	10.24±1.20a	833.37±108.45b
		W2	52.01±1.65a	7.49±0.43a	363.71±11.73b	80.40±0.17a	12.45±0.80a	1184.37±65.15a
		W3	54.14±1.29a	7.73±0.56a	438.14±13.30a	81.49±1.63a	11.56±0.58a	1253.68±15.50a
	S2	W1	40.72±2.49b	4.08±0.85a	193.54±24.02b	71.42±4.00a	12.15±1.09a	771.30±62.95b
		W2	40.32±1.88b	4.97±0.85a	201.97±14.57b	62.57±3.60b	8.77±1.22b	655.39±90.52b
		W3	48.44±3.6a	5.79±0.76a	307.99±33.20a	79.66±5.12a	11.79±1.10a	1164.43±104.89a
	S3	W1	51.84±3.67b	6.52±0.49b	326.20±14.87b	77.76±1.88a	11.79±0.59a	1060.67±69.73b
	S3	W2	54.13±1.43ab	6.55±0.62b	380.78±22.65b	83.48±1.66a	12.92±0.35a	1308.53±21.38a
		W3	58.67±1.47a	8.47±0.68a	470.60±30.44a	85.56±2.06a	12.81±0.86a	1237.77±70.26ab
秸秆还田Straw mulching (S)			20.44**	13.93**	41.73**	11.31**	4.63*	16.18**
灌溉方式Irrigation regime (W)			10.75**	8.21**	39.20**	9.08**	1.21ns	14.82**
秸秆还田×灌溉方式 S×W			1.18ns	1.25ns	2.39ns	4.14*	3.16*	5.12*
安居 Anju	S1	W1	31.17±0.50b	3.36±0.12b	99.70±3.94b	70.40±2.45b	8.77±0.53a	817.61±53.96b
		W2	37.69±3.88a	4.24±0.27a	197.74±5.56a	79.00±3.23ab	10.02±1.05a	1076.68±53.49a
		W3	36.89±1.52ab	4.17±0.13a	170.68±8.16a	88.80±4.89a	10.98±0.39a	1292.93±115.62a
	S2	W1	31.28±1.90b	3.72±0.03b	116.27±8.04c	78.02±2.59a	9.74±0.40a	917.12±10.68b
		W2	41.71±0.60a	4.61±0.10a	180.75±8.32b	85.09±5.81a	9.78±1.10a	1149.20±64.10ab
		W3	40.93±2.78a	4.87±0.27a	218.04±28.58a	90.34±2.82a	11.04±0.98a	1312.72±19.10a
	S3	W1	31.01±0.68b	3.36±0.18b	95.89±10.53b	75.23±8.08b	9.57±1.34a	1026.97±36.44b
		W2	36.38±0.83a	3.82±0.14ab	131.42±2.04a	87.44±7.00ab	10.81±0.87a	1203.13±185.54ab
		W3	36.67±2.92a	3.94±0.16a	149.42±4.42a	91.89±3.18a	11.57±0.78a	1394.38±79.51a
秸秆还田Straw mulching (S)			2.14ns	12.67**	12.39**	1.18ns	0.52ns	2.19ns
灌溉方式Irrigation regime (W)			12.07**	21.14**	38.06**	7.98*	3.26ns	17.51**
秸秆还田×灌溉方式 S×W			0.49ns	0.95ns	3.34*	0.18ns	0.17ns	0.13ns

表3

表4

表5

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处理 Treatment		出苗天数 Emergence days
		大豆 Soybean		玉米Maize
		禹城 Yucheng	安居 Anju	禹城 Yucheng	安居 Anju
S1	W1	—	9.13	8.53	6.42
	W2	—	5.84	5.69	5.33
	W3	6.71	6.21	6.01	5.69
S2	W1	—	8.63	7.96	6.39
	W2	—	5.97	6.06	5.43
	W3	6.53	6.26	4.86	5.79
S3	W1	—	11.56	7.17	6.60
	W2	—	7.28	4.63	6.04
	W3	6.65	5.92	4.68	5.51

地区 Region	处理 Treatment		幼苗生长率 Crop growth rate（g•m^-2•d^-1）	幼苗整齐度 Seedings uniformity	壮苗指数 Strong seeding index
禹城 Yucheng	S1	W1	0.15±0.01b	96.90±0.74a	0.71±0.08b
		W2	0.17±0.01a	92.85±2.07a	0.85±0.03ab
		W3	0.20±0.01a	96.65±0.94a	1.05±0.15a
	S2	W1	0.13±0.02b	92.28±2.07b	0.92±0.07b
		W2	0.08±0.01c	94.68±0.28ab	1.07±0.09b
		W3	0.19±0.00a	97.60±0.76a	1.29±0.11a
	S3	W1	0.08±0.03b	90.99±1.88b	0.61±0.04c
		W2	0.16±0.01a	97.07±1.58a	1.00±0.15b
		W3	0.17±0.01a	97.09±0.70a	1.36±0.21a
秸秆还田Straw mulching (S)			19.75**	0.15ns	8.32**
灌溉方式Irrigation regime (W)			49.93**	5.52*	38.17**
秸秆还田×灌溉方式 S×W			17.76**	3.68*	2.90ns
安居 Anju	S1	W1	0.10±0.01b	89.20±2.94a	0.95±0.09b
		W2	0.11±0.01b	94.01±0.51a	1.07±0.08b
		W3	0.14±0.01a	90.84±2.23a	1.30±0.05a
	S2	W1	0.11±0.00c	86.78±2.42b	1.02±0.08b
		W2	0.15±0.01a	90.34±0.90ab	1.40±0.12a
		W3	0.13±0.01b	94.09±0.67a	1.25±0.13a
	S3	W1	0.11±0.01b	85.13±2.29b	0.96±0.13b
		W2	0.13±0.00a	93.64±0.74a	1.27±0.03a
		W3	0.13±0.00a	92.15±2.05a	1.32±0.06a
秸秆还田Straw mulching (S)			7.36**	0.29ns	3.70*
灌溉方式Irrigation regime (W)			43.22**	8.75**	30.50**
秸秆还田×灌溉方式 S×W			6.62**	1.45ns	3.46**

地区 Region	处理 Treatment		幼苗生长率 Crop growth rate（g•m^-2•d^-1）	幼苗整齐度 Seedings uniformity	壮苗指数 Strong seeding index
禹城 Yucheng	S1	W1	2.20±0.16a	91.90±1.02b	1.30±0.15b
		W2	1.95±0.16a	95.55±0.58a	1.81±0.02a
		W3	1.95±0.13a	94.16±0.46ab	1.85±0.13a
	S2	W1	1.58±0.14a	90.64±0.93b	1.30±0.17ab
		W2	1.14±0.08b	93.68±1.10ab	1.01±0.14b
		W3	1.32±0.07ab	94.26±1.24a	1.57±0.18a
	S3	W1	1.61±0.14b	92.73±0.98a	1.41±0.09b
		W2	1.75±0.14ab	93.48±1.79a	1.76±0.10a
		W3	1.94±0.06a	92.88±1.16a	1.83±0.06a
秸秆还田Straw mulching (S)			70.29**	0.75ns	25.12**
灌溉方式irrigation regime (W)			4.99*	4.33*	24.20**
秸秆还田×灌溉方式 S×W			7.03**	0.89ns	8.90**
安居 Anju	S1	W1	0.83±0.11b	88.01±1.28b	1.68±0.16b
		W2	1.12±0.21b	91.52±1.32a	2.31±0.27a
		W3	1.91±0.16a	91.93±0.48a	1.97±0.25ab
	S2	W1	1.22±0.16b	87.99±0.93b	1.57±0.07c
		W2	1.54±0.16ab	91.11±1.36a	1.89±0.12b
		W3	1.64±0.09a	91.84±0.81a	2.58±0.06a
	S3	W1	1.18±0.20a	90.19±0.69a	1.53±0.13b
		W2	1.04±0.08a	91.47±0.69a	1.77±0.28b
		W3	1.28±0.18a	92.30±0.58a	2.50±0.14a
秸秆还田Straw mulching (S)			8.33**	0.94ns	0.42ns
灌溉方式Irrigation regime (W)			27.49**	9.90**	34.13**
秸秆还田×灌溉方式 S×W			9.27**	0.46ns	7.62**

秸秆还田与灌溉方式对大豆玉米带状间作出苗及幼苗生长的影响

Effects of Straw Returning and Irrigation Methods on Seedling Emergence and Growth in Soybean and Maize Strip Intercropping

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