北方麦区小麦产量与蛋白质含量变化对土壤硝态氮的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.18.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】分析我国北方麦区不同土壤硝态氮残留梯度下减施氮肥后小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量变化,为保证合理减施氮肥,有效降低麦田土壤硝态氮残留提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2019年在我国北方麦区43个地点进行田间试验,研究不同硝态氮残留情况下氮肥减施对小麦产量、蛋白质含量、产量构成及氮素吸收利用的影响。【结果】与农户施肥相比,监控施肥的氮肥用量减少55 kg·hm^-2（26%）,产量为5 885 kg·hm^-2,比农户施肥增产3.1%,籽粒蛋白质含量为132.4 g·kg^-1,与农户施肥相比无显著差异。当1 m土层硝态氮残留量<55 kg·hm^-2时,小麦产量最低,为4 252 kg·hm^-2,硝态氮残留在55—100 kg·hm^-2时,产量达到最高,为7 186 kg·hm^-2,硝态氮残留量过高并不能持续提高小麦产量;当土壤硝态氮残留量<100 kg·hm^-2时,不施氮肥小麦产量会显著降低,但采用监控施肥技术合理减施氮肥,无论土壤硝态氮残留多少,均不会减产。土壤硝态氮残留>300 kg·hm^-2时,小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量达到最高,平均为146.93 g·kg^-1;当土壤硝态氮残留量<200 kg·hm^-2时,不施氮肥会显著降低籽粒蛋白质含量,但通过监控土壤硝态氮合理减施氮肥,无论硝态氮残留高低,均不会降低籽粒蛋白质含量;硝态氮残留介于55—100 kg·hm^-2时,农户与监控施肥处理的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量分别为124.5和123.1 g·kg^-1。采用监控施肥技术,小麦氮肥吸收效率（地上部吸氮量/施氮量）与氮肥偏生产力分别为1.36 和45.7 kg·kg^-1,较农户施肥显著提高61.5%和57.1%。【结论】综合考虑维持北方麦区小麦较高的产量和蛋白质含量,收获期1 m土层硝态氮残留量应介于55—100 kg·hm^-2。基于小麦目标产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮监控,确定合理的氮肥用量,对实现小麦氮肥减施、绿色生产有重要意义。

关键词: 硝态氮残留, 小麦, 产量, 蛋白质, 氮肥减施

Abstract:

【Objective】The changes of wheat grain yield and protein concentration caused by reduced nitrogen (N) fertilizer at different soil nitrate N residue levels were clarified, for the purpose of N fertilizer reduction and soil residual nitrate N decline in northern wheat production region of China.【Method】In our research, 43-site field experiments from 2018 to 2019 were conducted in northern wheat region of China, to investigate the effects of reduced N fertilizer on grain yield, protein concentration, yield components, and N uptake and utilization of wheat at different soil nitrate N residue levels. 【Result】The results showed that the recommended fertilizer application based on soil nitrate test (RF) could reduce N rates by 55 kg·hm^-2, correspond 26% of farmers’ fertilizer application (FF). Compared with the FF, the grain yield (5 885 kg·hm^-2) of RF was increased by 3.1%, while no significant difference was observed for grain protein concentration between the two treatments. For the minimum of grain yield was found to be 4 252 kg·hm^-2 when the soil nitrate N residue was less than 55 kg·hm^-2, and the maximum was 7 186 kg·hm^-2 at the soil nitrate N residue level of 55-100 kg·hm^-2. Higher soil nitrate N residue was not capable to increase the grain yield sustainability. For recommended fertilizer application based on soil nitrate test without N added (RF-N), the grain yield was significantly decreased with the corresponding soil nitrate N residue less than 100 kg·hm^-2, while no obvious reduction for grain yield for the RF regardless of nitrate N residue levels in soils. The grain protein concentration reached the highest when the soil nitrate-N residue was higher than 300 kg·hm^-2. The grain protein concentration was significantly decreased in RF-N, when the soil nitrate N residue was less than 200 kg·hm^-2, but it was not influenced obviously by soil nitrate N residue in the RF treatment. With soil nitrate N residue ranging from 55 to 100 kg·hm^-2, the grain protein concentration of FF and RF was 124.5 and 123.1 g·kg^-1, respectively. For RF, the N fertilizer uptake efficiency and N partial factor productivity were 1.36 and 45.7 kg·kg^-1, respectively; which were significantly increased by 61.5% and 57.1%, respectively, compared with the FF. 【Conclusion】For maintaining the higher grain yield and protein concentration of wheat, the residual nitrate N in 0-100 cm soil at harvest should be kept at 55-100 kg·hm^-2 in northern wheat production region. Determination of reasonable N fertilizer rates, based on combination of target grain yield, grain protein concentration and soil nitrate testing, played important roles in achieving N fertilizer reduction and agricultural green production in wheat fields.

Key words: nitrate N residue, wheat, grain yield, grain protein, N fertilizer reduction

马悦,田怡,苑爱静,王浩琳,李永华,黄婷苗,黄宁,李超,党海燕,邱炜红,何刚,王朝辉,石美. 北方麦区小麦产量与蛋白质含量变化对土壤硝态氮的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(18): 3903-3918.

MA Yue,TIAN Yi,YUAN AiJing,WANG HaoLin,LI YongHua,HUANG TingMiao,HUANG Ning,LI Chao,DANG HaiYan,QIU WeiHong,HE Gang,WANG ZhaoHui,SHI Mei. Response of Wheat Yield and Protein Concentration to Soil Nitrate in Northern Wheat Production Region of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(18): 3903-3918.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.18.010

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I18/3903

图/表 8

表1

北方麦区各试验地点0—20 cm 土层的基本理化性质、降水、气温和肥料用量"

试验地点 Experimental site	春/冬小麦 S/W	年降水 Apre. (mm)	年均气温 AVT (℃)	有机质 OM (g·kg^-1)	pH	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	矿质氮 MN (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)	农户施肥量 FF rates N-P₂O₅-K₂O (kg·hm^-2)	监控施肥量 RF rates N-P₂O₅-K₂O (kg·hm^-2)
甘肃天水 Tianshui Gansu	冬小麦W	607	12.09	11.7	8.4	0.7	9.62	28.2	139.5	150-120-0	198-30-0
甘肃通渭1 Tongwei1 Gansu	春小麦S	429	9.06	10.9	8.6	0.6	3.72	11.6	134.2	121-90-0	10-26-0
甘肃通渭2 Tongwei2 Gansu	冬小麦W	405	9.19	10.0	8.6	0.7	5.64	7.3	134.9	120-90-0	74-31-0
甘肃通渭3 Tongwei3 Gansu	冬小麦W	405	9.19	9.0	8.9	0.6	4.90	12.0	161.0	120-90-0	89-39-0
甘肃通渭4 Tongwei4 Gansu	冬小麦W	405	9.19	10.5	8.6	0.6	9.26	8.0	121.0	150-120-0	79-24-0
甘肃武威 Wuwei Gansu	春小麦S	212*	7.95	13.9	8.6	0.8	23.23	27.0	145.6	267-242-0	183-30-0
甘肃张掖 Zhangye Gansu	春小麦S	172*	8.75	17.4	9.2	0.9	19.28	38.2	97.6	300-200-0	200-120-75
甘肃庄浪 Zhuanglang Gansu	冬小麦W	568	8.83	14.5	8.4	0.9	31.62	26.4	135.7	180-120-0	120-90-0
黑龙江黑河 Heihe Heilongjiang	春小麦S	689	1.67	38.2	5.5	2.1	18.54	33.9	166.5	80-75-38	73-73-20
黑龙江克山 Keshan Heilongjiang	春小麦S	780	3.78	31.2	6.6	1.6	14.08	68.6	296.9	90-75-45	75-30-45
内蒙古临河 Linhe Neimenggu	春小麦S	90*	9.40	15.1	8.6	0.8	23.98	70.3	206.9	302-207-0	177-62-60
内蒙古五原 Wuyuan Neimenggu	春小麦S	105*	7.95	7.4	8.4	0.4	57.64	4.4	59.8	344-173-0	203-72-60
内蒙古海拉尔 Hailaer Neimenggu	春小麦S	295	-0.13	31.9	8.3	1.6	18.54	47.1	208.1	90-60-39	120-68-14
宁夏贺兰 Helan Ningxia	春小麦S	148*	9.98	13.3	8.4	0.6	11.86	20.7	129.7	300-120-75	218-120-75
宁夏永宁1 Yongning1 Ningxia	春小麦S	226*	11.33	12.4	8.6	0.7	23.36	18.0	144.6	313-104-0	278-138-90
宁夏永宁2 Yongning2 Ningxia	春小麦S	177*	12.37	14.6	8.6	0.8	16.94	29.0	135.9	240-120-75	225-113-45
宁夏永宁3 Yongning3 Ningxia	春小麦S	226*	11.33	12.8	8.4	0.7	17.31	21.2	95.4	300-150-75	270-90-90
青海湟中 Huangzhong Qinghai	春小麦S	465	4.80	18.1	8.6	1.2	14.77	28.8	103.2	90-93-0	198-30-50
山西洪洞1 Hongtong1 Shanxi	冬小麦W	328	16.08	11.3	7.9	0.7	112.03	4.8	158.9	150-60-0	104-42-0
山西洪洞2 Hongtong2 Shanxi	冬小麦W	237*	13.79	18.7	8.4	1.0	16.58	8.8	129.0	268-135-90	188-56-31
山西临汾 Linfen Shanxi	冬小麦W	343*	15.24	19.0	8.5	0.8	13.59	11.7	160.0	266-120-66	179-111-30
山西闻喜1 Wenxi1 Shanxi	冬小麦W	289	16.75	14.0	8.2	0.7	12.59	5.6	121.3	180-60-60	142-60-34
山西闻喜2 Wenxi2 Shanxi	冬小麦W	289*	16.75	18.1	8.5	1.0	20.41	12.3	131.3	240-150-150	172-82-0
试验地点 Experimental site	春/冬小麦 S/W	年降水 Apre. (mm)	年均气温 AVT (℃)	有机质 OM (g·kg^-1)	pH	全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	矿质氮 MN (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)	农户施肥量 FF rates N- P₂O₅-K₂O (kg·hm^-2)	监控施肥量 RF rates N- P₂O₅-K₂O (kg·hm^-2)
山西永济 Yongji Shanxi	冬小麦W	465*	14.82	14.8	8.5	0.8	14.23	10.1	145.5	268-180-90	251-75-0
陕西彬县 Binxian Shaanxi	冬小麦W	366	10.01	12.3	8.3	0.3	33.92	16.1	181.2	234-129-44	77-75-30
陕西大荔 Dali Shaanxi	冬小麦W	381	6.57	10.7	8.8	0.3	117.77	14.8	201.7	255-217-21	147-21-30
陕西合阳 Heyang Shaanxi	冬小麦W	347	6.57	12.6	8.2	0.7	35.60	10.5	237.7	135-162-18	111-79-30
陕西蒲城 Pucheng Shaanxi	冬小麦W	345	6.57	18.0	8.2	0.7	31.49	9.4	169.5	148-93-32	83-99-30
陕西岐山1 Qishan1 Shaanxi	冬小麦W	288	12.44	12.1	7.8	0.6	71.77	12.2	122.2	203-113-35	30-92-30
陕西岐山2 Qishan2 Shaanxi	冬小麦W	288*	12.44	18.2	8.5	1.1	7.23	7.7	119.8	180-144-35	150-90-0
陕西乾县 Qianxian Shaanxi	冬小麦W	413	13.35	10.9	8.4	0.4	74.68	14.2	98.5	214-244-6	105-58-30
陕西武功1 Wugong1 Shaanxi	冬小麦W	561*	13.35	19.2	8.3	1.2	19.66	23.0	257.6	255-180-30	206-89-5
陕西武功2 Wugong2 Shaanxi	冬小麦W	561*	13.35	17.2	8.3	1.1	18.23	19.4	128.2	255-180-30	225-105-45
陕西永寿1 Yongshou1 Shaanxi	冬小麦W	370	13.35	12.0	8.1	0.7	92.00	9.8	178.0	189-132-28	98-63-30
陕西永寿2 Yongshou2 Shaanxi	冬小麦W	370	13.35	10.5	8.2	0.5	47.38	9.6	139.2	199-129-20	39-91-30
陕西永寿3 Yongshou3 Shaanxi	冬小麦W	370	13.35	13.5	8.3	0.8	27.28	15.6	80.7	138-105-0	126-51-30
陕西永寿4 Yongshou4 Shaanxi	冬小麦W	370	13.35	11.1	8.4	0.6	49.27	13.4	116.5	193-117-20	64-41-30
新疆泽普1 Zepu1 Xinjiang	冬小麦W	92*	12.31	14.4	8.6	0.7	12.92	29.2	126.4	296-173-0	295-68-68
新疆木垒 Mulei Xinjiang	春小麦W	52*	7.33	9.6	8.3	0.7	17.50	7.0	198.1	240-105-38	224-81-0
新疆奇台 Qitai Xinjiang	冬小麦W	528*	2.08	12.9	8.5	0.8	24.18	20.9	462.1	315-180-20	240-120-20
新疆塔城 Tacheng Xinjiang	冬小麦W	255*	6.15	31.1	8.3	1.8	28.24	47.8	285.0	240-105-38	192-50-0
新疆石河子 Shihezi Xinjiang	春小麦S	231*	8.43	15.5	8.3	0.9	32.33	36.2	391.2	300-133-0	216-30-0
新疆泽普2 Zepu2 Xinjiang	冬小麦W	92*	12.31	9.7	8.7	0.6	12.03	22.5	95.9	295-173-0	282-138-0

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硝态氮残留 Nitrate N residue (kg·hm^-2)	地上部生物量Aboveground biomass (kg·hm^-2)				收获指数Harvest index (%)
硝态氮残留 Nitrate N residue (kg·hm^-2)	农户施肥 FF	监控施肥 RF	监控无氮 RF-N	平均 Average	农户施肥 FF	监控施肥 RF	监控无氮 RF-N	平均 Average
<55	10397 ab	11042 a	8223 b	9887 C	42.6 a	42.1 a	42.2 a	42.3 B
55-100	15244 a	15388 a	14230 b	14954 A	48.5 a	49.8 a	48.4 a	48.9 A
100-200	11470 b	11924 a	11612 ab	11669 BC	42.2 a	41.3 a	41.1 a	41.6 B
200-300	12539 a	14109 a	13578 a	13409 AB	45.9 a	44.9 a	44.6 a	45.1 AB
>300	14388 a	14722 a	12161 a	13757 AB	44.4 a	45.2 a	44.5 a	44.7 B
平均Average	12715 a	13257 a	12206 b		44.5 a	44.4 a	43.8 a

硝态氮残留 Nitrate N residue (kg·hm^-2)	穗数Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)				穗粒数Grain per spike				千粒重1000 grain weight (g)
硝态氮残留 Nitrate N residue (kg·hm^-2)	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无氮RF-N	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无氮RF-N	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无氮RF-N	平均Average
<55	404 a	452 a	331 a	396 C	27 a	30 a	34 a	30 AB	42.8 a	40.1 a	36.0 a	39.6 A
55-100	534 a	543 a	553 a	543 A	34 a	34 a	31 b	33 A	42.2 a	42.4 a	42.9 a	42.5 A
100-200	389 ab	415 a	387 b	397 C	30 a	28 ab	28 b	29 AB	42.1 a	42.2 a	44.2 a	42.8 A
200-300	415 a	468 a	447 a	443 BC	32 a	33 a	31 a	32 AB	45.9 a	42.6 a	44.1 a	44.2 A
>300	481 a	559 a	452 a	497 AB	29 a	28 a	26 a	28 B	42.7 a	41.3 a	41.2 a	41.7 A
平均Average	439 ab	473 a	435 b		31 a	30 a	29 b		42.8 a	42.0 b	42.7 ab

硝态氮残留 Nitrate N residue (kg·hm^-2)	地上部吸氮量 N uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)				籽粒吸氮量 Grain N uptake (kg·hm^-2)				氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)
硝态氮残留 Nitrate N residue (kg·hm^-2)	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无氮RF-N	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无氮RF-N	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无氮RF-N	平均Average
<55	124 a	123 a	81 b	109 C	105 a	103 a	68 b	92 C	84.0 a	85.5 a	83.7 a	83.4 A
55-100	192 a	194 a	164 b	183 A	157 a	160 a	137 b	151 A	83.1 a	83.1 a	83.7 a	83.1 A
100-200	150 a	148 a	134 b	144 BC	113 a	112 a	103 b	110 BC	76.2 a	75.9 a	77.4 a	76.5 A
200-300	166 a	188 a	160 a	171 AB	132 a	146 a	128 a	135 AB	79.4 a	77.0 a	79.8 a	78.7 A
>300	198 a	203 a	163 a	188 A	160 a	159 a	129 a	149 A	81.7 a	79.5 a	80.1 a	80.5 A
平均Average	164 a	168 a	142 b		131 a	133 a	114 b		79.7 a	78.9 a	80.2 a