中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (18): 3789-3804.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.18.001

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 • 上一篇    下一篇

分子植物育种助推南繁种业转型升级

张兴平1(),钱前2,张嘉楠3,邓兴旺1,万建民2,徐云碧2,4()   

  1. 1北京大学现代农业研究院,中国山东潍坊261325
    2中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,中国北京 100081
    3石家庄博瑞迪生物技术有限公司,中国河北石家庄 050035
    4国际玉米小麦改良中心,墨西哥特斯科科 56130
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-06 接受日期:2021-05-20 出版日期:2021-09-16 发布日期:2021-09-26
  • 联系方式: 张兴平,E-mail: xingping.zhang@pku-iaas.edu.cn。
  • 基金资助:
    河北省创新能力提升计划项目新型研发机构建设专项(19962911D)

Transforming and Upgrading Off-Season Breeding in Hainan Through Molecular Plant Breeding

ZHANG Xingping1(),QIAN Qian2,ZHANG JiaNan3,DENG XingWang1,WAN JianMin2,XU Yunbi2,4()   

  1. 1Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang 261325, Shandong, China
    2Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    3MolBreeding Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China
    4International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, Texcoco 56130, Mexico
  • Received:2021-04-06 Accepted:2021-05-20 Published:2021-09-16 Online:2021-09-26

摘要:

异地加代可以经济有效地加快育种进程。长期以来,海南省作为中国最南端省份,只在冬季用来进行育种材料的扩繁和加代,其周年可以种植农作物的自然气候和环境并未得到充分有效地利用。分子标记辅助育种与其他现代育种技术相融合,将助推南繁种业从单一的繁殖加代向资源引进和评价、育种选择、纯度检测、种质交流和产权保护等在内的全产业链模式转变,实现从海南冬繁到周年育种的转变,将海南的南繁地理和生态优势转化为南繁与育种相整合的全产业链优势,加快育种进展、提高育种效率,促进种业发展。本文讨论了海南地理生态优势与南繁种业现状,南繁种业转型升级的必要性和可能性,以及所面临的挑战和机遇。实现南繁种业的转型升级有赖于异地选择观念的转变、国家相关政策的支持、分子育种平台的支撑、生物安全防控、品种保护制度的建立和完善、资源共享和交流机制的形成。数量和群体遗传、基因型和环境互作、分子设计和大数据构成了南繁种业转型升级所需的育种理论。分子设计包括宏观水平的个体设计、群体设计和物种设计,微观水平的基因设计、代谢设计和网络设计。高通量精准表现型鉴定、环境型鉴定、信息处理和网络技术、决策支撑系统等是南繁种业转型升级所需的育种平台。作为分子育种的核心支撑,现已发展了基于靶向测序-液相芯片的基因型检测(genotyping by target sequencing and liquid chip,GBTS-LC)技术,通过GenoPlexs可以实现高达5 000对标记引物高度均一的多重PCR靶向扩增,而基于液态探针捕获的GenoBaits,可以获取高达40K个目标位点(每个位点包含多个SNP)。该技术具有平台广适性、标记灵活性、检测高效性、信息可加性、支撑便捷性、应用广普性,已成为分子育种中取代固相芯片的重要分子检测技术。要实现“海南育种,全国测试”,需要构建包括高效育种设施、快速育种、转基因和基因编辑技术、双单倍体育种技术、全基因组选择等在内的综合育种体系。为此,要倡导资源共享的开源育种模式,建设横跨动植物的共性方法、技术和平台,开展资源引进、监测和评价,构建种质资源指纹图谱,强化品种权保护、种子质量控制和纯度检测。希望借此推进有关南繁种业转型升级的公众讨论和政府决策,从而推进整个种业的科技进步和现代化。

关键词: 种业, 南繁, 异地选择, 转型升级, 分子育种

Abstract:

Generation advancement at non-target environments is a cost-effective and efficient approach to accelerating plant breeding. Hainan, as a southernmost province of China where crops can grow all year round, has been used as a core off-season breeding station, largely for seed increasing and an annually added crop generation advancement, while its favorable climate and environments are not fully exploited. Molecular biotechnologies such as marker-assisted selection, when integrated with other modern breeding technologies, will facilitate the transformation and upgrading of the Hainan off-season breeding. The transition will be made from a simple generation advancement to a full pipeline breeding including germplasm introduction and evaluation, selection, purity testing, germplasm exchange and variety right protection, and from one added winter breeding season to breeding all year round. Geographical and ecological advantages of Hainan as an off-season breeding station should be transitioned into a breeding pipeline by integration of generation advancement with functional breeding system to accelerate breeding procedures, improve breeding efficiency and promote advanced breeding industry. Considering the geographical and ecological advantages of Hainan and current status of off-season breeding, following issues are discussed in this article on transformation and upgrading of Hainan off-season breeding enterprise: necessity, possibility, challenges and opportunities. Such transition depends on the change of mind-set on non-target environment selection, favorable government policy regulation, breeding platform development, biosafety containment, well-established variety right protection, and resource-sharing and exchanging regulation. Breeding theories required for the transition include quantitative and population genetics, genotype by environment interaction, and molecular design and big- data management. Molecular design should be implemented at both macro-scale involving individuals, populations and species and micro-scale involving genes, metabolisms and networks. The breeding platform needs to be established for high-throughput precision phenotyping, envirotyping, information management and networking, and decision support system. As a key support technology for molecular breeding, genotyping by target sequencing and liquid chip (GBTS-LC) has been developed, by which GenoPlexs can be used to multiplex up to 5 000 target primers while GenoBaits can capture in solution up to 40K target loci each with multiple SNPs. Compared to other genotyping platforms, GBTS-LC has several advantages to make it a replacement of solid SNP chips, including wide platform suitability, high marker flexibility, high genotyping efficiency, easy information accumulation, less-demanding support system, wide application fields. For breeding in Hainan but testing across China, an integrative breeding system can be established with high-efficient breeding facilities supported by speeding breeding, gene transfer, genome editing, DH technology, and genomic selection. Other proposals are also suggested, including establishment of open-source breeding programs for resource-sharing, development of methodologies, technologies and platforms, implementation of germplasm introduction, monitoring and evaluation, construction of germplasm fingerprinting, and intensification of variety right protection, seed quality ensurance and see purity control. It is expected that this article will stimulate public awareness and relevant government policy development for the transformation and upgrading of breeding in Hainan, and thus enhance the scientific and technological progress and advancement of breeding and seed industry as a whole.

Key words: seed enterprises, winter nurseries, off-season selection, transformation and upgrading, molecular breeding