葡萄种质资源花穗形状分类标准的建立及其动态发育过程分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】葡萄是重要的经济果树,果穗形状会影响其经济价值。本研究跟踪调查255份葡萄种质资源的果穗发育过程,建立新的花序形状并完善果穗形状分类标准,为葡萄生产提供理论支撑。【方法】田间跟踪调查255份葡萄种质资源的花穗长宽发育情况,在开花期、果实膨大期以及果实成熟期3个关键时期测量主穗长宽、小穗长宽、小穗角度、果粒横纵径、果粒重以及果柄长,分析果穗形状动态发育过程中各指标变化规律。【结果】基于255份葡萄种质资源的田间调查结果,将花序与果穗形状分为长圆锥、短圆锥、长圆柱、短圆柱并建立新的花序与果穗形状分类标准。调查发现,在葡萄花序发育过程中,52.55%的花序会发生形状变化,以长圆柱花序居多,大多发育为短圆柱果穗。因此,果穗形状形成类型有16种。对葡萄穗长穗宽的分析发现,长圆锥花序在发育过程中具有较高的“稳定性”,对于短圆锥、长圆柱、短圆柱花序而言,穗长对形状影响更大,进一步探究发现小穗长/宽以及小穗角度尤其是上部小穗的长宽与角度是影响花穗形状外缘的主要因素。【结论】本研究将花序与果穗形状分为长圆锥、短圆锥、长圆柱、短圆柱4种,提出了一个花序、果穗的形状分类标准的计算方法,同时对调查数据进行了实际计算与分类。一半以上葡萄花序的形状会发生变化,圆锥花序的形状较稳定。穗长、穗宽、小穗长宽及小穗角度对穗形影响较大,分别表现在影响形状的长宽和外缘,尤其是上部小穗的长宽与角度是影响柱锥判断的最主要原因。小穗角度的变化会影响小穗反映在形状上的有效长度。本研究进一步提出了基于花穗形状的整形修剪方法,可为葡萄的整形修剪提供理论基础。

关键词: 葡萄, 花序, 果穗, 分类标准, 形状变化

Abstract:

【Objective】Grape is an important economic fruit tree, whose economic value was affected by the cluster shape. The study investigated the cluster development of 255 grape germplasm resources to establish a new classification standard including the detailed classification method of grape inflorescence and cluster shape, in order to provide new theoretical support for grape production. 【Method】The cluster length and width variation of 255 grape germplasm resources were tracked in the field. From three key growth periods (flowering, fruit expansion and fruit maturity), cluster length and width, six spikelet length and width, spikelet angle, fruit grain diameter, fruit grain weight and carpopodium length were measured to analyze the variation modes during dynamic development process of cluster shape. 【Result】According to the investigation of 255 grape germplasm resources, a new classification standard was established to divide the shape into long conical, short conical, long cylindrical and short cylindrical. It was found that 52.16% of inflorescence would change shape during the development process, and most of them was the long cylindrical inflorescence which could develop into short cylindrical cluster. Therefore, there were 16 cluster shape change types. The analysis of cluster length and width showed that the long conical cluster had high “stability” during the development process, and the length had more influence on shape for short conical, long cylindrical and short cylindrical clusters. Further investigation represented that the length, width and angle of spikelet, especially the top spikelet were the main factors affecting the outer edge of cluster shape. 【Conclusion】The study divided inflorescence and cluster shapes into four types: long cone, short cone, long cylinder and short cylinder, and a based classification standard was established. It was found through investigation that more than half of grape inflorescences changed in shape, of which the conical type was relatively stable. Cluster length and width, spikelet length, width and angle had more influence on shape change, which were reflected in the indicators and outer edge, especially the figures of top spikelet angle were the main affection to judge type. Spikelet angle variations reflected on the effective length in the shape. This study further proposed pruning method based on the shape of inflorescences and clusters, in order to provide theoretical basis for grape management.

Key words: Vitis vinifera, inflorescence, cluster, classification standard, shape change

黄雨晴,孙艳艳,罗荣峥,阿旺措姆,卢素文,樊秀彩,王晨,刘崇怀,房经贵. 葡萄种质资源花穗形状分类标准的建立及其动态发育过程分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(11): 2389-2405.

HUANG YuQing,SUN YanYan,LUO RongZheng,Awangcuomu ,LU SuWen,FAN XiuCai,WANG Chen,LIU ChongHuai,FANG JingGui. A New Classification Standard for Different Grape Cluster Shapes and Investigation on Cluster Shape Dynamic Development Process[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(11): 2389-2405.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.012

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I11/2389

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255份葡萄种质资源的形状变化情况"

发育类型 Development type	品种名 Species
长圆锥花序-长圆锥果穗 Long conical inflorescence-Long conical cluster	高墨 Takasumi、黑奥林 Black Olimpia、黑潮 Kuroshio、蜜尔紫 Mills、红山彦 Beniyamabiko、红香蕉 Hongxiangjiao、户太8号 Hutai 8 hao、11-39、京优 Jingyou、巨玫瑰 Jumeigui、申秀 Shenxiu、惠 Magumi、卡拉 Kapa、夕阳红 Xiyanghong、早熟黑虎香 Zhaoshuheihuxiang、白老虎眼 Bailaohuyan、紫玉 Shigyoku、白布瑞克 Baiburuike、格拉卡 Greaca、奥利文 Irsay oliver、芳香 Mathias Aromatic、粉红太妃 Fenhong taifei、耶克什拉尔♀ Yekeshenlaer♀、哈特巴尔♀ Хаталбаар、黑哈丽丽 Khalili Noir、齐基斯特娃拉 Qijisitewala、京可晶 Jingkejing、莱考德 Rekord、洛迪 Rodi、玫瑰香 Muscat Hamburg、尼姆兰格 Nimulange、普列文玫瑰 Miskat plevenski、胜利 Pobeda、8612 (3X)、乌兹别克玫瑰 Muscat Uzbekistan、艳红 Yanhong、洋葡萄 Yangputao、瑰宝 Guibao、黑伯尔科维尔 Берковчерно、依斯比沙里 Ispissar、圆白 Yuanbai、绯红 Cardinal、希姆劳特 Himrod Seedless、无核紫 Black Monukka、香妃 Xiangfei、紫丰 Zifeng、Thompson Seedless、巨魔光 Jumoguang、埃里求凡 Ailiqiufan、瓶儿 Pinger、库杜齐 Kuduqi、沙尔其 Зарцин、塔尔那乌 Тарнау、甲斐乙女 Kaiotome、Crimson Seedless、田野黑 Tano Black、黑峰 Darkridge、高蓓蕾 High Bailey、那多尔 Naduoer、奥拉皇后 Queenora Seedless、S.6059、盖吾沙 Gaiwusha、伊豆锦 Izunishiki、伊尔玛 Kocsis Irma
长圆锥花序-短圆锥果穗 Long conical inflorescence-Short conical cluster	依达 Ида、瑰香怡 Guixiangyi、美洲白 Meizhoubai、黑奥洛维 Heiaoluowei、花泽1号 Hanazawa 1#、花泽二号 Hanazawa 2#、黑别尔考夫 Берковско черно、京亚 Jingya、天秀 Tensyū、田野红 Tano Red、达米娜 Tamina、高尾 Takao、郁金香 Yujinxiang、京秀 Jingxiu、爱神玫瑰 Aishenmeigui、阿里兹考 Alizikao、天使玫瑰香 Muscat Angel、季米亚特 Димят、切克拉赫 Qiekelahe、克林巴马克 Khoussaine khelime barmak、火星无核 Mars Seedless
长圆锥花序-长圆柱果穗 Long conical inflorescence-Long cylindrical cluester	红义 Beniyoshi、柔丁香 Roudingxiang、高砂 Takasago、哈佛德 Hartford、索罗门 Madeleine Salomon、巨峰 Kyohō、早巨选 Shimomura Kyoho seedling、皇冠 Huangguan、阿米利亚 Amilia、比赛尔 Julsk Beaser、黑天鹅 Black Swan、粉红亚依苏娜 Fenhongyayisuna、凤凰51 Fenghuang 51 hao、卡托巴 Catawba、红马奶 Hongmanai、济南早红 Shandongzaohong、克里木考尼松♀ Kelimukaonisong♀、奥迪亚 Otilia、李子香 Lizixiang、绿木纳格 Lumunage、维多利亚 Victoria、早玛瑙 Zaomanao、郑州早玉 Zhengzhouzaoyu、皇家秋天 Autumn Royal、S.7053、夏白 Xiabai、德引84-1 Deyin84-1、露莎夫人 Madame Lussan、小姑娘 Xiaoguniang、红帕万 Кара Палван、卡姆拉夏 Kamulaxia、登瓦斯玫瑰 Misket dounvaski、妥库 Токун、魏天子 Petit Verdot、品丽珠 Cabernet Franc、佛斯玫瑰 Fosimeigui、1288/38、峰后 Fenghou、粉红巧吾斯 Tchaouch (rose)、齐查华契 Qichahuaqie
长圆锥花序-短圆柱果穗 Long conical inflorescence-Short cylindrical cluester	蓓蕾玫瑰 Muscat (Bailey)、哈尼 Khani、大平地拉洼 Dapingdilawa、基姆拉♀ Jimula♀、小红玫瑰 Muscat rouge de Frontignan
长圆柱花序-长圆锥果穗 Long cylindrical inflorescence-Long conical cluster	白三多利 Baisanduoli、红伊豆 Beniizu、小白玫瑰 Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains、高尔丹 Gaoerdan、德苏拉乌苏姆 Джура узюм、巧保2号 Qiaobao 2 hao、阿布交西 Abjosh、赤霞珠 Cabernet Sauvignon
长圆柱花序-短圆锥果穗 Long cylindrical inflorescence-Short conical cluster	黄蜜 Ougyoku、奥古斯特 Augusta、瓦吉斯别里 Вардиспери ркачители、芳香葡萄 Fangxiangputao、郑果大无核 Zhengguodawuhe、采尔采拉 Цырцыра、北塞魂 Petit Bouschet、黑谢希 Шеши черный、白香蕉株选 TriumpH zhuxuan
长圆柱花序-长圆柱果穗 Long cylindrical inflorescence-Long cylindrical cluster	大白葡萄 Preciena、黑鸡心 Heijixin、阿列阿基可 Alieajike、拜切尔 Baiqieer
长圆柱花序-短圆柱果穗 Long cylindrical inflorescence-Short cylindrical cluster	郑果25号 Zhengguo 25 hao、白玉霓（脱毒） Ugni Blanc (Detoxification)、阿利戈特 Aligoté、阿利戈特（罗） Aligoté (luo)、阿伊巴特♀ Ayibate♀、福司令 Fusiling、S.E20-365、阿芳香 Afangxiang、北红 Beihong、米勒吐尔高 Müller-Thurgau、白圣彼德 White st.Peter、
短圆锥花序-长圆锥果穗 Short conical inflorescence-Long conical cluster	考特 Kaote、爱欧娜 Iona、东京红 Miputao、红地球 Red Globe、熊岳白葡萄 Xiongyuebaiputao
短圆锥花序-短圆锥果穗 Short conical inflorescence-Short conical cluster	别尔科夫斯基 Bieerkefusiji、彼得罗克西梅涅 Pideluokeximeinie、里扎马特 Rizamat、新南贝尔 Xinnanbeier
短圆锥花序-长圆柱果穗 Short conical inflorescence-Long cylindrical cluster	丰宝 Fengbao、红双味 Hongshuangwei、罗曼尔 Rommel、西拉 Syrah、二伯娜 Urbana、粉红葡萄 Flame Tokay、黑夏尼 Щани черный、红鸡心 Hongjixin、红茧 Red Cocoon、利希巴巴 Риш баба Riche baba、派克斯 Aromatic of pecs、早熟玫瑰香 Zaoshumeiguixiang、索索葡萄 Suosuoputao、凯旋 Gold muscat、S.8745、山西80号 Shanxi 80 hao、西里努斯 Sirius、阿里克斯 Alikesi、帕山 Perange、黑巴拜斯卡 Heibabaisika、烟74 Yan74#、维洛♀ Verdot♀、黑佳美 Gamay、黑阿塞尔 Heiasaier、玛尔斯兰 Marselan、晚红蜜 Саперави、勿罗士 Wuluoshi、红拜克♀ Bacator Red♀、西拉(C3) Syrah (C3)、苏珊玫瑰 Muscat Susanna、库特赛塔 Куртсеит аганый иэюм、弗拉卡玫瑰 Folakameigui
短圆锥花序-短圆柱果穗 Short conical inflorescence-Short cylindrical cluster	尼加拉 Nigara、太姆波 Tampe、红古沙 Gousale kara、绿葡萄 Luputao、1382/12、白可列特 Клерет белый、琼瑶浆 Roter Traminer、霞多丽 Chardonnay
短圆柱花序-长圆锥果穗 Short cylindrical inflorescence-Long conical cluster	白玉霓 Ugni Blanc、西拉174 Syrah 174#、脆红 Cuihong、大青葡萄 Daqingputao、粉红亚多蜜 Fenhongyaduomi、红高 Benitaka、奥坡托 Blauer Poutugieser
短圆柱花序-短圆锥果穗 Short cylindrical inflorescence-Short conical cluster	贵妃玫瑰 Guifeimeigui、白玫康 Baimeikang、粉红契拉基 Чиляки краснный、红加利亚 Hungariga、沃依季诺 Woyijinuo、瓦尔纳 Варна беячи
短圆柱花序-长圆柱果穗 Short cylindrical inflorescence-Long cylindrical cluster	酒红 Jiuhong、麝香葡萄 Shexiangputao、白香蕉 TriumpH、大宝タイホウ、卡氏玫瑰 Чарас Мускатний、伊丽莎白 Elizabeth grape、维多斯 Negru v?rtos、黑三多利 Heisanduoli、黑万尼西科 Heiwannixike、考克旁拉达 Kaokepanglada、托斯卡纳?马拉瓦西亚 Toscana、赤霞珠（脱毒）Cabernet Sauvignon (Detoxification)、白达拉依♀ Baidalayi♀、马夫鲁特 Мавруд、文塔 Винта
短圆柱花序-短圆柱果穗 Short cylindrical inflorescence-Short cylindrical cluster	黑圆珠 Heiyuanzhu、黄奥多别斯契 Huangaoduobiesiqi、千欢 Thousand (Boon)、香槟 Champion、奥林匹亚 Olimpia、贝加干 Beijiagan、星索 Cinsault、巴柯 Bacco Noir、德引84-3♀ Deyin 84-3、黑沙巴斯♀ Шабаш черный♀、雷司令 Reisling、那洛莫尔 Наломор、布列其罗然西 Береги рожаш、安尼斯基 Ayaneskeal、意大利玫瑰♀ Rose D′Italia♀、格列那什 Grenache

表5

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数量标准 Characteristic	分级 Grade
数量标准 Characteristic	1	2	3	4	5
圆锥形果穗穗长 Length of conical cluster (mm)	<110.90	110.90-139.94	139.94-180.19	180.19-209.23	>209.23
圆柱形果穗穗长 Length of cylindrical cluster (mm)	<84.88	84.88-118.11	118.11-164.14	164.14-197.36	>197.36
圆锥形果穗穗宽 Width of conical cluster (mm)	<78.93	78.93-100.77	100.77-131.02	131.02-152.86	>152.86
圆柱形果穗穗宽 Width of cylindrical cluster (mm)	<61.80	61.80-80.86	80.86-107.27	107.27-126.32	>126.32

果穗形状 Cluster shape	果穗长度 Cluster length (mm)	果穗长宽比 Cluster length-width ratio
短圆锥形 Short conical shape	≤125.42	不限 Not limited
	125.43-160.07	≤1.40
	160.08-194.71	≤1.37
长圆锥形 Long conical shape	125.43-160.07	>1.40
	160.08-194.71	>1.37
	>194.71	不限 Not limited
短圆柱形 Short cylindrical shape	≤141.12	不限 Not limited
长圆柱形 Long cylindrical shape	>141.12	不限 Not limited

性状 Characteristic	分级 Grade
性状 Characteristic	1	2	3	4	5
圆锥形花序长度Length of conical inflorescence (mm)	<38.81	38.81-53.61	53.61-74.13	74.13-88.93	>88.93
圆柱形花序长度 Length of cylindrical inflorescence (mm)	<26.11	26.11-39.50	39.50-58.05	58.05-71.45	>71.45
圆锥形花序宽度 Width of conical inflorescence (mm)	<12.36	12.36-20.82	20.82-32.54	32.54-40.99	>40.99
圆柱形花序宽度 Width of cylindrical inflorescence (mm)	<6.66	6.66-11.12	11.12-17.31	17.31-21.77	>21.77

花序形状 Inflorescence shape	花序长度 Inflorescence length (mm)	花序长宽比 Inflorescence length-width ratio
短圆锥形 Short conical shape	≤46.21	不限 Not limited
	46.22-63.87	≤2.79
	63.88-81.53	≤2.22
长圆锥形 Long conical shape	46.22-63.87	>2.79
	63.88-81.53	>2.22
	>81.53	不限 Not limited
短圆柱形 Short cylindrical shape	≤48.78	不限 Not limited
长圆柱形 Long cylindrical shape	>48.78	不限 Not limited