中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (19): 4057-4069.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.19.018
收稿日期:
2019-12-20
接受日期:
2020-02-20
出版日期:
2020-10-01
发布日期:
2020-10-19
通讯作者:
战吉宬
基金资助:
ZHAN JiCheng(),CAO MengZhu,YOU YiLin,HUANG WeiDong
Received:
2019-12-20
Accepted:
2020-02-20
Online:
2020-10-01
Published:
2020-10-19
Contact:
JiCheng ZHAN
摘要:
非酿酒酵母是葡萄酒微生物领域近些年的研究热点。过去人们对非酿酒酵母认识较少,曾将其看作是葡萄酒发酵的有害微生物。随着研究者们对酿酒微生物的深入研究发现,在酿酒过程中可以利用非酿酒酵母来改善葡萄酒的品质。合理利用非酿酒酵母可以酿造出色泽更加稳定、香气较丰富独特、口感更为复杂的葡萄酒。本文综述了近些年非酿酒酵母在葡萄酒酿造中的应用研究,包括生产中常见的非酿酒酵母种属的酿造特性、非酿酒酵母影响葡萄酒风味的机制、酵母之间的相互作用等3个方面。葡萄酒生产中常见的不同属(种)非酿酒酵母的酿造特性不同,其与酿酒酵母混合发酵对葡萄酒风味的改善效果也有较大差别。了解各个属(种)的发酵特性,根据发酵目的选择合适的接种菌株极为重要;非酿酒酵母可以通过不同的代谢通路改变葡萄酒中酒精、甘油、挥发性香气物质、甘露糖蛋白/多糖、花色苷等物质的含量,从而影响葡萄酒的颜色、香气和口感。非酿酒酵母代谢通路的特异性是其影响葡萄酒风味的根本原因。除了应用非酿酒酵母来改善葡萄酒的风味外,粟酒裂殖酵母降解苹果酸和耐热克鲁维酵母高产乳酸的特性也值得生产者关注。本文通过总结非酿酒酵母在葡萄酒酿造中应用的研究进展,以科学评价非酿酒酵母在葡萄酒酿造中的作用,并为建立新的具有科学性的混合发酵策略提供参考。
战吉宬,曹梦竹,游义琳,黄卫东. 非酿酒酵母在葡萄酒酿造中的应用[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(19): 4057-4069.
ZHAN JiCheng,CAO MengZhu,YOU YiLin,HUANG WeiDong. Research Advance on the Application of Non-Saccharomyces in Winemaking[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 4057-4069.
表1
部分非酿酒酵母有性型、无性型和别名[5]"
有性型 Anamorphic | 无性型 Teleomorphic | 别名 Synonym |
---|---|---|
高糖固囊酵母 Citeromyces matritensis | 球形假丝酵母 Candida globosa | |
耐热克鲁维酵母 Kluyveromyces thermotolerans | Lachancea thermotolerans | |
布鲁塞尔德克酵母Dekkera bruxellensis | 布鲁塞尔酒香酵母Brettanomyces bruxellensis | |
季也蒙有孢汉逊酵母Hanseniaspora guilliermondii | 蜜蜂克勒克酵母Kloeckera apis | |
罕见有孢汉逊酵母Hanseniaspora occidentalis | 日本克勒克酵母Kloeckera javanica | |
嗜高压有孢汉逊酵母Hanseniaspora osmophila | 皮质克勒克酵母Kloeckera cortices | |
葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母Hanseniaspora uvarum | 柠檬形克勒克酵母Kloeckera apiculata | |
葡萄酒有孢汉逊酵母Hanseniaspora vineae | 非洲克勒克酵母Kloeckera Africana | |
美极梅奇酵母Metschnikowia pulcherrima | 铁红假丝酵母Candida pulcherrima | Torulopsis pulcherrima |
季也蒙毕赤酵母Pichia guilliermondii | 季也蒙假丝酵母Candida guilliermondii | |
发酵毕赤酵母Pichia fermentans | 郎比可假丝酵母Candida lambica | |
膜醭毕赤酵母Pichia membranifaciens | 粗壮假丝酵母Candida valida | |
东方伊萨酵母Issatchenkia occidentalis | Candida sorbosa | |
陆生伊萨酵母Issatchenkia terricola | 陆生毕赤酵母Pichia terricola | |
戴尔有孢圆酵母Torulaspora delbrueckii | 软假丝酵母Candida colliculosa | Saccharomyces rosei |
异常毕赤酵母Pichia anomala | 菌膜假丝酵母Candida pelliculosa | 异常威克汉姆酵母Wickerhamomyces anomalus/异常汉逊酵母Hansenula anomala |
Candida zemplinina | Starmerella bacillaris | |
星型假丝酵母Candida stellata | 星形球拟酵母Torulopsis stellata |
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