中、碱性土壤条件下黄腐酸与磷肥配施对番茄生育和磷素利用率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.17.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】碱性土壤降低植物对磷的吸收和利用,黄腐酸能活化土壤中的固定态磷。利用黄腐酸克服碱性土壤对磷的固定效应,提高磷肥利用率,为磷肥减施增效提供新途径。【方法】采用盆栽方式,以番茄（Solanum lycopersicum L.）‘罗拉’为供试品种,在土壤pH为6.5和8.0两种条件下,设置4个施磷（P₂O₅）水平（0、0.1325、0.265和0.53 g·kg^-1,分别标记为0% P、25% P、50% P和100% P）;在此基础上,设不添加和添加0.08 g·kg^-1黄腐酸两种组合（分别标记为-FA和+FA）,共计16个处理。研究黄腐酸与磷肥施用在中、碱性土壤条件下对番茄植株生长、产量、品质和磷素利用的影响。【结果】碱性土壤抑制番茄植株生长,降低产量、各组织磷含量和植株磷吸收量,但对番茄果实品质的形成具有促进作用。磷肥减施造成番茄生长、产量和品质下降,降低植物各组织磷含量、植株磷吸收量和肥料产量贡献率,但对磷肥利用率有一定的提升作用。本研究的任一种土壤条件和磷水平下,施用黄腐酸均可提高番茄对磷的吸收量,增加各组织磷含量,促进植株生长、果实产量和品质提升。在中性土壤条件下,施用黄腐酸与否对磷肥利用率影响不显著,且降低肥料产量贡献率;但在碱性土壤条件下,施用黄腐酸可显著提升磷肥利用率和肥料产量贡献率。此外,施用黄腐酸可使中性土壤减磷处理（50% P）下番茄的生长与产量达到全磷处理（100% P）水平,并提高番茄果实品质;这种现象在碱性土壤栽培条件下更为显著。且100% P处理下添加黄腐酸能显著提高碱性土栽培番茄的生长、产量,使其达到中性土0% P处理水平。【结论】黄腐酸有利于提高番茄的磷素利用率,促进番茄生长、产量和品质的形成,达到磷肥减施增效目的;且黄腐酸配合磷肥施用能有效缓解碱性土壤对番茄生长和产量的抑制作用。

关键词: 番茄, 黄腐酸, 生长, 产量, 品质, 磷利用率

Abstract:

【Objective】The phosphorus uptake and utilization of plants are reduced in alkaline soil. Fulvic acid (FA) application has effect on activating the hard-soluble phosphorus in soil. This study used FA to improve the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer in alkaline soil, so as to provide a new approach to reduce phosphorus fertilizer application. 【Method】The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivar of Luo La was used as plant material, which were cultivated in the big pots with two kinds soil. Two levels of soil pH (6.5 and 8.0) with four levels of phosphorus (P₂O₅) fertilizer application (0, 0.1325, 0.265 and 0.53 g·kg^-1, separately marked as 0% P, 25% P, 50% P and 100% P), with or without 0.08 g·kg^-1 FA were set in this experiment. Then, it was studied the effects of 0.08 g·kg^-1 FA and phosphorus fertilizer on plant growth, yield, fruit quality and phosphorus utilization in neutral and alkaline soil. 【Result】The tomato plant growth, yield, phosphorus concentrations, phosphorus uptake and fertilizer contribution were significantly reduced in alkaline soil. However, the tomato fruit quality was improved in alkaline soil. The tomato plant growth, yield and fruit quality, as well as phosphorus concentrations, phosphorus uptake and fertilizer contribution were also reduced by reducing phosphorus application. However, the phosphorus fertilizer utilization was improved in lower phosphorus levels. Application of FA had significant effects on improving phosphorus uptake and concentrations, which promoted the plant growth, yield and quality formation. Application of FA had little effect on phosphorus fertilizer utilization, which reduced fertilizer contribution in neutral soil. However, the phosphorus fertilizer utilization and fertilizer contribution were significantly enhanced by FA treatment in alkaline soil. In addition, application of FA increased levels of tomato growth and yield under 50% P treatment to that under 100% P treatment, while this enhanced effect was more significant in high pH soil. Application of FA to 100% P treatment had significant effects on improving tomato plant growth, yield in alkaline soil, which showed similar effects on that in 0% P without FA treatment in neutral soil.【Conclusion】Application of FA could improve phosphorus utilization, tomato plant growth, yield and fruit quality, which hit the mark of reducing phosphorus fertilizer application. Additionally, phosphorus fertilizer with FA application had mitigative effect of tomato growth and yield inhibition in alkaline soil.

Key words: tomato, fulvic acid, growth, yield, quality, phosphorus utilization

张丽丽,史庆华,巩彪. 中、碱性土壤条件下黄腐酸与磷肥配施对番茄生育和磷素利用率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(17): 3567-3575.

ZHANG LiLi,SHI QingHua,GONG Biao. Application of Fulvic Acid and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Tomato Growth, Development, and Phosphorus Utilization in Neutral and Alkaline Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(17): 3567-3575.

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处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height (m)		茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)		根鲜重 Fresh weight of root (g)		茎鲜重 Fresh weight of stem (g)		叶鲜重 Fresh weight of leaves (g)		平均隶属度Average membership degree		排名 Ranking
处理 Treatment		-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA
pH 6.5	0%P	1.75f	1.91d	13.25e	13.42e	83.43hi	94.60fg	189.82h	196.03g	348.61h	376.31e	0.38	0.49	10	8
	25%P	1.84e	1.96c	14.02d	14.06d	92.62fg	104.68d	204.04f	240.20c	366.81f	388.24d	0.49	0.64	7	4
	50%P	1.86e	1.96c	14.06d	15.58b	99.76e	113.82c	215.36e	267.20b	393.90d	436.14b	0.57	0.81	5	2
	100%P	2.05b	2.17a	14.83c	16.73a	120.11b	139.90a	224.61d	278.92a	420.12c	449.80a	0.73	1.00	3	1
pH 8.0	0%P	1.35k	1.56hi	11.04h	11.86g	56.92k	80.31i	154.73k	176.78i	279.70m	313.86	0.00	0.21	16	14
	25%P	1.45j	1.61h	11.74g	12.70f	71.64j	92.76fg	166.27j	191.12gh	288.03l	334.03i	0.11	0.33	15	12
	50%P	1.52i	1.77f	12.67f	13.30e	84.34hi	95.60f	188.26h	212.60e	303.67k	357.99g	0.25	0.46	13	9
	100%P	1.67g	1.84e	13.27e	14.09d	91.35g	104.91d	195.41g	226.29d	335.82i	365.69f	0.37	0.56	11	6

处理 Treatment		根 P concentrations of root (mmol·g^-1 DW)		茎 P concentrations of stem (mmol·g^-1 DW)		叶 P concentrations of leaf (mmol·g^-1 DW)		果 P concentrations of fruit (mmol·g^-1 DW)		平均隶属度 Average membership degree		排名Ranking
处理 Treatment		-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA
pH 6.5	0%P	0.62g	0.72d	0.48jk	0.63de	0.37f	0.45cd	0.093f	0.10e	0.33	0.62	12	6
	25%P	0.64g	0.76c	0.56g	0.66cd	0.41e	0.48c	0.099e	0.11cd	0.47	0.73	9	3
	50%P	0.69ef	0.82b	0.59f	0.70b	0.44de	0.52b	0.11d	0.11bc	0.59	0.87	7	2
	100%P	0.76c	0.86a	0.62e	0.75a	0.47c	0.57a	0.11ab	0.12a	0.73	1.00	3	1
pH 8.0	0%P	0.46j	0.55hi	0.43l	0.50ij	0.26h	0.36f	0.073h	0.079g	0.00	0.22	16	14
	25%P	0.47j	0.62g	0.45kl	0.56fg	0.30g	0.38f	0.077gh	0.090f	0.076	0.40	15	10
	50%P	0.54i	0.67f	0.52hi	0.58fg	0.36f	0.46cd	0.079g	0.093f	0.23	0.51	13	8
	100%P	0.57h	0.71de	0.55gh	0.67e	0.38f	0.46cd	0.090f	0.099e	0.35	0.65	11	5

处理 Treatment		干物质含量 Dry matter concentration (%)		番茄红素含量 Lycopene concentration (mg·g^-1)		维生素C含量 Vitamine C concentration (mg·kg^-1)		可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar concentration (mg·g^-1)		可滴定酸含量 Titratable acid concentration (mg·g^-1)		糖酸比 Ratio of sugar to acid		平均隶属度Average membership degree		排名 Ranking
处理 Treatment		-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA	-FA	+FA
pH 6.5	0%P	5.40i	5.63h	0.63h	0.73e	75.86k	93.11h	50.04m	83.84h	6.28l	7.93i	7.97e	10.57b	0.026	0.38	16	12
	25%P	5.72gh	6.03f	0.64gh	0.75de	80.62j	97.84gh	56.19l	97.97f	6.48l	8.97h	8.67d	10.92ab	0.12	0.51	15	9
	50%P	5.73gh	6.05f	0.63h	0.76cd	85.48i	101.56g	59.73l	105.05e	6.95k	9.62g	8.59d	10.91ab	0.14	0.56	14	8
	100%P	5.83g	6.08f	0.66g	0.79b	93.45h	111.22f	66.04k	112.95d	7.35j	9.96f	8.98d	11.33a	0.23	0.65	13	5
pH 8.0	0%P	6.42e	6.83c	0.71f	0.78bc	119.43e	125.83cd	74.69j	110.87d	10.17f	11.38d	7.34f	9.73c	0.40	0.71	11	4
	25%P	6.60d	7.10b	0.71f	0.82a	122.99de	130.49bc	79.17i	129.28c	10.75e	12.07c	7.36f	10.72b	0.45	0.87	10	3
	50%P	6.85c	7.16ab	0.75de	0.82a	129.01c	134.96b	85.23gh	136.22b	10.96e	12.47b	7.77ef	10.93ab	0.56	0.92	7	2
	100%P	6.86c	7.31a	0.74de	0.84a	133.86b	141.98a	88.66g	143.61a	11.53d	12.77a	7.69ef	11.24a	0.58	1.00	6	1