主要栽培措施对北方春玉米产量贡献的定量评估

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (15): 3024-3035.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.004

• 专题：综合农艺管理与春玉米缩差增效 • 上一篇下一篇

主要栽培措施对北方春玉米产量贡献的定量评估

杨哲¹(),于胜男¹(),高聚林¹,田甜¹,孙继颖¹,魏淑丽¹,胡树平¹,李荣发¹,李从锋²,王志刚¹()

¹内蒙古农业大学农学院/内蒙古自治区作物栽培与遗传改良重点实验室,呼和浩特 010019
²中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京 100081

收稿日期:2020-04-17 接受日期:2020-06-02 出版日期:2020-08-01 发布日期:2020-08-06
通讯作者: 王志刚
作者简介:杨哲,E-mail： imauyz@163.com。|于胜男,E-mail： imauyusn@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300103);国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0300803);国家自然科学基金(31660359);内蒙古农业大学优秀青年科学基金(2017XYQ-1)

Quantitative Evaluation of the Contribution of Main Management Factors to Grain Yield of Spring Maize in North China

YANG Zhe¹(),YU ShengNan¹(),GAO JuLin¹,TIAN Tian¹,SUN JiYing¹,WEI ShuLi¹,HU ShuPing¹,LI RongFa¹,LI CongFeng²,WANG ZhiGang¹()

¹College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University/Key Laboratory for Crop Cultivation and Genetic Improvement of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010019
²Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081

Received:2020-04-17 Accepted:2020-06-02 Online:2020-08-01 Published:2020-08-06
Contact: ZhiGang WANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】定量化解析主要栽培措施对春玉米产量的贡献,探索北方春玉米缩差增产增效技术途径。【方法】通过综合分析2000年以来我国北方春玉米在品种耐密性、种植密度、耕作方式、养分管理、病害防治等114篇论文数据,同时结合大田栽培措施因子替换试验,定量解析主要栽培措施对春玉米产量的贡献及其优先序。【结果】文献统计分析结果与大田栽培因子替换试验结果基本一致,当前生产主要应用的5项主要栽培措施对春玉米产量贡献的优先序为种植密度、养分管理、品种耐密性、防病（兼化控）、耕作方式,对产量的贡献率分别为12.6%、9.2%、6.7%、6.3%和5.5%,对氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）的贡献分别为16.7%、4.1%、3.4%、3.8%和3.3%。各措施因子对玉米产量差的影响主要通过影响群体物质生产能力和群体库容量实现,当群体LAI饱和后,如何优化群体同化性能、提高光能利用效率和单位叶面积籽粒生产效率是缩差增产的关键。【结论】产量和资源效率协同提高15%—20%的高产高效目标,通过密度和养分管理这2项措施的优化即可实现,若要使产量和资源效率均增加30%—50%,则需要综合优化至少4个因子甚至全部5个因子。

关键词: 春玉米, 栽培措施, 产量差, 优先序

Abstract:

【Objective】Quantitative analysis of the contribution of main management factors to grain yield is of great importance for narrowing yield gap of maize (Zea mays L.). 【Method】 To clarify the individual contribution rate of main management factors to maize yield, the present study analyzed data from 114 literatures published after 2000, which focused on crowding tolerance of hybrids, plant density, soil tillage method, nutrient management and leaf disease control in spring maize production of North China. Meanwhile, a 2-year field study with an incomplete factorial design with foregoing 5 factors was conducted in tow fixed locations, to verify the result of literature review and furtherly assess the priority of management optimization for reducing yield gap. 【Result】 The results of literature review was consistent with that of management-factor alternative test in field. The priority of 5 management factors was plant density, nutrient management, crowding tolerance of hybrids, and leaf disease control and soil tillage method, which contributed to yield by 12.6%, 9.2%, 6.7%, 6.3% and 5.5%, respectively. Similarly, the contribution rates to PFP_N of them were 16.7%, 4.1%, 3.4%, 3.8% and 3.3%, respectively. Yield gap induced by each management factor was mainly attributed to mass productivity and sink capacity, which were initially increased along with mean leaf area index (MLAI). When MLAI exceeded optimum value, enhancing radiation efficiency and grain producing efficiency by optimizing assimilative capacity was of great importance for closing yield gap.【Conclusion】Concurrent enhancing yield and resource use efficiency by 15% to 20% could be reached easily through optimizing plant density and nutrient management. However, synchronously enhancing yield and resource use efficiency by more than 30% to 50%, four or all five management factors should be optimized systematically.

Key words: spring maize, management factors, yield gap, priority order

杨哲,于胜男,高聚林,田甜,孙继颖,魏淑丽,胡树平,李荣发,李从锋,王志刚. 主要栽培措施对北方春玉米产量贡献的定量评估[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(15): 3024-3035.

YANG Zhe,YU ShengNan,GAO JuLin,TIAN Tian,SUN JiYing,WEI ShuLi,HU ShuPing,LI RongFa,LI CongFeng,WANG ZhiGang. Quantitative Evaluation of the Contribution of Main Management Factors to Grain Yield of Spring Maize in North China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(15): 3024-3035.

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处理 Treatment		栽培措施因子 Cultivation factor
对照模式 CK	增减措施 Supplemented or withheld	品种 Variety	密度 Population	土壤耕作 Tillage	养分管理 Fertilization	喷杀菌剂 Fungicide
农户模式FP	—	常规Conventional	低 Low	浅旋 Shallow rotary	一炮轰施肥 Single basal fertilization	无 None
	+ 品种 Variety	耐密 Crowd tolerance	低 Low	浅旋 Shallow rotary	一炮轰施肥 Single basal fertilization	无 None
	+ 种植密度 Population	常规Conventional	高 High	浅旋 Shallow rotary	一炮轰施肥 Single basal fertilization	无 None
	+ 土壤耕作 Tillage	常规Conventional	低 Low	深耕培肥 Deep ploughing with manure	一炮轰施肥 Single basal fertilization	无 None
	+ 养分管理 Fertilization	常规Conventional	低 Low	浅旋 Shallow rotary	优化施肥 Optimized fertilization	无 None
	+ 防病 Fungicide	常规Conventional	低 Low	浅旋 Shallow rotary	一炮轰施肥 Single basal fertilization	喷施With
综合高产HT	—	耐密 Crowd tolerance	高 High	深耕培肥 Deep ploughing with manure	优化施肥 Optimized fertilization	喷施With
	- 品种 Variety	常规Conventional	高 High	深耕培肥 Deep ploughing with manure	优化施肥 Optimized fertilization	喷施With
	- 种植密度 Population	耐密 Crowd tolerance	低 Low	深耕培肥 Deep ploughing with manure	优化施肥 Optimized fertilization	喷施With
	- 土壤耕作 Tillage	耐密 Crowd tolerance	高 High	浅旋 Shallow rotary	优化施肥 Optimized fertilization	喷施With
	- 养分管理Fertilization	耐密 Crowd tolerance	高 High	深耕培肥 Deep ploughing with manure	一炮轰施肥 Single basal fertilization	喷施With
	- 防病 Fungicide	耐密 Crowd tolerance	高 High	深耕培肥 Deep ploughing with manure	优化施肥 Optimized fertilization	无 None

对照模式 Control	增减措施因子 Supplemented or withheld	包头 Baotou		赤峰 Chifeng		平均值 Average
对照模式 Control	增减措施因子 Supplemented or withheld	产量差 Yield gap (t·hm^-2)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	产量差 Yield gap (t·hm^-2)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	产量差 Yield gap (t·hm^-2)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
农户模式FP	较FP增减 Compared with FP
	+ 土壤耕作Tillage	0.6	4.6	0.3	3.5	0.4	4.0
	+ 养分管理Fertilization	1.4*	10.7*	0.8	7.8	1.1	9.2
	+ 品种Variety	0.7	5.1	0.5	5.1	0.6	5.1
	+ 种植密度Population	2.1*	16.2*	1.5*	15.3*	1.8*	15.7*
	+ 防病Fungicide	0.6	5.0	0.4	3.6	0.5	4.3
综合高产HT	较HT增减 Compared with HT
	- 土壤耕作Tillage	-0.5	-3.0	-0.3	-2.1	-0.4	-2.6
	- 养分管理Fertilization	-1.1*	-7.6*	-0.9	-7.1	-1.0	-7.4
	- 品种Variety	-0.5	-3.0	-0.4	-3.7	-0.5	-3.3
	- 种植密度Population	-2.0*	-13.4*	-1.7*	-13.8*	-1.9*	-13.6*
	- 防病Fungicide	-0.6	-3.6	-0.4	-3.1	-0.5	-3.3
FP vs HT		2.3*	15.7*	2.2*	19.8*	2.3*	17.8*

优先序 Priority	因素 Factor	产量差 Yield gap (t·hm^-2)			对产量贡献率 Contribution rate to yield (%)			对PFP_N贡献率 Contribution rate to PFPN (%)
优先序 Priority	因素 Factor	文献综述 References	田间试验 Field test	平均值 Average	文献综述 Reference	田间试验 Field test	平均值 Average	田间试验 Field test
1	种植密度 Population	1.4	1.9	1.7	10.6	14.7	12.6	16.7
2	养分管理 Fertilization	1.0	1.0	1.0	10.1	8.3	9.2	4.1
3	品种 Variety	1.1	0.5	0.8	9.3	4.2	6.7	3.4
4	防病 Fungicide	1.0	0.5	0.7	8.9	3.8	6.3	3.8
5	土壤耕作 Tillage	0.8	0.4	0.6	7.7	3.3	5.5	3.3

主要栽培措施对北方春玉米产量贡献的定量评估

Quantitative Evaluation of the Contribution of Main Management Factors to Grain Yield of Spring Maize in North China

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