中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (19): 3430-3447.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.19.013

• 食品科学与工程 • 上一篇    下一篇

苦杏仁资源加工与综合利用研究进展

张清安,姚建莉   

  1. 陕西师范大学食品工程与营养科学学院,西安 710119
  • 收稿日期:2019-01-30 接受日期:2019-07-12 出版日期:2019-10-01 发布日期:2019-10-11
  • 作者简介:张清安,Tel:13572932273;E-mail:qinganzhang@snnu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(31101324);陕西省重点研发计划(2018ZDXM-NY-086);西安市科技局高校院所人才服务企业工程项目(2017071CG/RC034(SXSF003))

State-of-the-Art on the Processing and Comprehensive Utilization of the Apricot Kernels

ZHANG QingAn,YAO JianLi   

  1. School of Food Engineering and Nutrition Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119
  • Received:2019-01-30 Accepted:2019-07-12 Online:2019-10-01 Published:2019-10-11

摘要:

苦杏仁是一种优良的药食两用资源,具有丰富的营养和较高的经济利用价值。苦杏仁及其加工品的市场需求量日益增大,而我国杏仁产量的80%左右仍以原料形式售卖,未充分发挥苦杏仁加工增值率大的优势。主要原因在于苦杏仁加工行业集中度低,规模化的产品加工企业较少、技术落后,对苦杏仁资源的综合加工利用程度低,导致产品附加值低、功能性成分的损失大和环境污染严重。因此,如何有效地利用现代食品加工技术对苦杏仁进行综合加工利用,减少资源浪费、提高其附加值是苦杏仁加工行业面临的瓶颈。本文在梳理大量文献的基础上,首先介绍了苦杏仁去皮、脱苦及干制加工研究现状及存在问题;随后又对苦杏仁油、精油、蛋白和苦杏仁苷等有效成分的提取分离研究现状进行了系统综述,并着重比较了各方法的优缺点和苦杏仁相关产品的开发利用情况,提出了合理建议,为高效综合利用苦杏仁资源,提高其加工附加值和促进苦杏仁产业良性发展提供借鉴。最后,对制约苦杏仁加工行业发展的主要原因进行了分析并提出了解决思路和展望:一是建议后期应采用现代食品绿色去皮技术替代传统沸水烫漂去皮法,加强去皮废水中的活性成分的回收利用和皮的高值化开发利用研究;二是采用超声波等新技术实现苦杏仁的快速高效脱苦,减少苦杏仁中营养成分的损失和脱苦废水排放;三是创新技术努力实现主要成分同时综合提取利用,即在提取苦杏仁油的同时抑制苦杏仁苷酶的活性并防止蛋白过度变性和苦杏仁苷的降解,使苦杏仁中各主要成分互不影响,从而得到最大化综合利用,并将此技术早日推广应用到实际生产中。总之,对于苦杏仁的开发利用应注重其加工副产物的回收及高值化利用和产品的创新研究,同时提高杏仁产业的融合度,进而提升其加工产品的市场价值和经济效益,最终促进杏仁行业良性发展。

关键词: 苦杏仁, 油脂, 蛋白质, 苦杏仁苷, 加工, 利用

Abstract:

Apricot kernel is an excellent pharmaceutical and food resource, with high values of nutrition and commercial utilization. Recently, apricot kernel and its products are increasingly important in demand in the market, while about 80% of the total productions of apricot kernels are sold in the form of raw materials, and the highly value-added priority was not reflected by processing. The main reasons are that the industrial concentration of factories is lower, the amounts of large-scale companies are small, and the technology employed in the companies falls behind, which results in the lowly integrated utilization and lowly added value of the products from the apricot kernels, as well as great loss of some important constituents and pollution to the environment. Thus, it is significant and emergent to efficiently achieve the comprehensive utilization of the apricot kernels with the modern processing technology, to reduce the waste of apricot kernels resources and to improve its added value of products. Based on the literature available, the status and problems occurring were firstly reviewed about the skin-removing, debitterizing and drying of the apricot kernels in this paper. Afterwards, the summaries were concluded on the extraction and purification of the oils, essential oils, proteins and amygdalin of the apricot kernels, especially for the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the methods employed and the status of the products being developed from the components of apricot kernels, and then some suggestions were also put forward. All these contents would provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the comprehensive utilization of the apricot kernels and promote its added value, hence achieving a good development of the apricot kernels industry in China. Finally, the solutions and outlook were also made about the key technologies restricting the deeply processing of apricot kernels. To be specific, the first suggestion was that the modern green skin-removing technology should be adopted to replace the traditionally boiling-water blanching method, and to strengthen the efficient recycling and utilization of the active ingredients in water of blanching and the development of the removed skins for some highly value-added products. Secondly, some novel techniques including ultrasonically-accelerated debitterizing, etc should be employed in the debitterizing of apricot kernels, so as to reduce the nutrient loss and the discharge of wastewater during the debitterizing processing. Thirdly, the innovation should be strengthened about the technology of the simultaneous extraction and utilization of the main components of apricot kernels and its practice, by which the oils could be effectively extracted, and the activity of beta-glucosidase, the denaturation of the proteins and the degradation of amygdalin could also be inhibited and not influenced, so as to maximize the comprehensive utilization of apricot kernels. In a word, the research about the processing of apricot kernels should be centered on the recycling of the by-products and the development of some novel highly value-added products from apricot kernels, and the integration degree should also be improved about the industries of apricot kernels, hence raising the market value and the economic benefits of the apricot kernels. All these contents would promote the well development of the apricot kernels industry, and which was also the meaning and purpose of this paper.

Key words: apricot kernels, oils, protein, amygdalin, processing, utilization