食用农产品特征性品质指标筛选方法探讨

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.18.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在食用农产品与优质、营养紧密挂钩发展的新形势下,涌现了一系列新词汇,“食用农产品特征性品质指标”占据突出地位。食用农产品特征性品质指标的确定对于科学有效的评价食用农产品品质具有指导意义。本文探讨了食用农产品特征性品质指标的定义,并初步从对象确定、消费者调研、文献调研、文献信息提炼、采样指标验证、规格指标和安全指标考虑以及过程纠偏等环节对食用农产品特征性品质指标筛选方法提出了建议。文章旨在引起相关职能部门、产业群体及科研人员的重视,将食用农产品特征性品质指标定义及筛选方法做准、做实,推进食用农产品品质评价体系建立,科学有效评价食用农产品品质,真正服务于食用农产品产业发展。

关键词: 食用农产品, 特征性品质指标, 定义, 筛选

Abstract:

Under the new situation of the development of edible agricultural products closely linked with high quality and nutrition, a series of new words emerged, among which the “characteristic quality indicators of edible agricultural products” occupied a prominent position. The clarification of the characteristic quality indicators of edible agricultural products has a leading significance for the scientific and effective evaluation of the quality of edible agricultural products. This paper discussed the definition of characteristic quality indicators of edible agricultural products, and preliminarily provided some suggestions on the screening methods of characteristic quality indicators of edible agricultural products from the aspects of object determination, consumer investigation, literature investigation, literature information extraction, sampling index verification, specification index, and health index consideration as well as process correction. The purpose of this paper was to attract the attention of relevant functional departments, industrial groups and scientific researchers, to make the definition and screening methods of characteristic quality indicators of edible agricultural products accurate and practical, to promote the establishment of quality evaluation system of edible agricultural products, to evaluate the quality of edible agricultural products scientifically and effectively, and truly to serve the development of edible agricultural products industry.

Key words: edible agricultural products, characteristic quality indicators, definition, screening

梁颖,李艺,张留娟,刘贤金,陆柏益. 食用农产品特征性品质指标筛选方法探讨[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(18): 3155-3162.

LIANG Ying,LI Yi,ZHANG LiuJuan,LIU XianJin,LU BaiYi. Discussion on the Definition and Screening Method of Characteristic Quality Indicators of Edible Agricultural Products[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(18): 3155-3162.

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图/表 2

表1

食用农产品品质指标组成"

品质指标类别 The category of quality index		品质指标组成 The composition of quality index
感官指标 Sensory index	外观 Appearance	色泽、新鲜度、整齐度、成熟度、完整度、缺陷率（病斑、虫斑、果锈等）等 Colour, freshness, regularity, maturity, integrity, defect rate (disease spot, insect spot, fruit rust, etc.)
	质地 Texture	硬度、脆度、黏度、弹性、粘附性、粘聚性、易碎性等 Hardness, brittleness, viscosity, elasticity, adhesion, cohesiveness, fragility, etc.
	风味 Flavor	口腔触感、味感（甜、咸、苦、鲜、涩、辛辣等）、嗅觉等 Oral touch, taste (sweet, salty, bitter, umami, astringent, spicy, etc.), olfaction, etc.
规格指标 Specification index	大小 Size	长度、横径、纵径等 Length, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, etc.
	形状 Shape	条形（弓形高度、横径差）、果形端正、畸形果等 Strip shape (arch height, transverse diameter difference), correct shape of fruit, deformed fruit, etc.
	重量 Weight	单果重、单粒重、穗重等 Single fruit weight, single grain weight, panicle weight, etc.
安全指标 Safety index	污染物 Contaminant	重金属 Heavy metal	铅、镉、汞、砷、锡、镍、铬 Lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, tin, nickel, chromium
		硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐 Nitrate, nitrite
		苯并芘 Benzopyrene
		N-二甲基亚硝胺 N-Dimethyl nitrosamine
		多氯联苯 Polychlorinated biphenyl
		3-氯-1, 2-丙二醇 3-Chloro-1, 2-Propanediol
	真菌毒素 Mycotoxin	曲霉毒素 Aspertoxin	黄曲霉毒素B₁、黄曲霉毒素M₁、赭曲霉毒素A、棒曲霉毒素等 Aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, patulin, etc.
		青霉毒素 Penicillium toxin	岛青霉素、展青霉素、桔青霉素等 Islanditoxin, patulin, citrinin, etc.
		镰刀菌毒素 Fusarium toxin	脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、T-2毒素等 Deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, etc.
	农药 Pesticide	杀虫剂 Insecticide	敌敌畏、乐果、甲胺磷、杀虫脒等 Dichlorvos, dimethoate, methamidophos, chlordimeform, etc.
		杀螨剂 Acaricide	三氯杀螨砜、三氯杀螨醇、克螨特等 Tedion, dicofol, propargite, etc.
		杀菌剂 Bactericide	代森锌、多菌灵、菌核利、甲霜灵等 Zineb, carbendazim, dichlozoline, metalaxyl, etc.
		除草剂 Herbicide	除草醚、杀草丹、氟乐灵、绿麦隆等 Nitrofen, benthiocarb, fluralin, chlorotoluron, etc.
		植物生长调节剂 Plant growth regulator	赤霉素、萘乙酸、矮壮素、乙烯利等 Gibberellin, naphthylacetic acid, chlormequat, ethephon, etc.

表1

续表1

食用农产品品质指标组成"

品质指标类别 The category of quality index		品质指标组成 The composition of quality index
	兽药 Veterinary drug	一般疾病防治药 General disease control drug		乙酰水杨酸、盐霉素、替米考星等 Acetylsalicylic acid, salinomycin, telmicosin, etc.
		传染病防治药 Infectious disease control drug		磺胺二甲嘧啶、氨苄青霉素、莫能霉素等 Sulfamethazine, ampicillin, monensin, etc.
		寄生虫病防治药 Parasitic disease control drug		甲苯咪唑、硝硫氰胺、氯硝柳胺等 Mebendazole, nitrothiocyanamide, niclosamide, etc.
		其他药 Other drug		半胱胺、二氢吡啶、酶制剂、克伦特罗等 Cysteamine, dihydropyridine, enzyme, clenbuterol, etc.
	微生物 Microorganism	菌落总数、大肠菌群、沙门氏菌、致泻大肠埃希式菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌等 Aerobic plate count, Coliforms, Salmonella, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, etc.
	放射性物质 Radioactive material	³H、⁸⁹Sr、⁹⁰Sr、¹³¹I、¹³⁷Cs、¹⁴⁷Pm、²¹⁰Po、²²⁶Ra、²²⁸Ra、天然钍Natural thorium、天然铀Natural uranium、²³⁹Pu
	内源性有害物 Endogenous injurant	有害糖苷类、凝集素类、配糖生物碱类、过敏原等 Harmful glycosides, lectins, glycoalkaloids, allergens, etc.
	非法添加物 Illegal additive	非食用物质、违禁药物等 Non-edible substance, forbidden drug, etc.
营养指标 Nutrition index	基本营养成分 Essential Nutrient	水 Water
		碳水化合物 Carbohydrate	单糖、寡糖、淀粉、复合多糖、糖的衍生物等 Monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, starch, complex polysaccharide, saccharide derivative, etc.
		蛋白质 Protein	完全蛋白质、半完全蛋白质和不完全蛋白质,氨基酸（必需氨基酸,非必需氨基酸） Complete protein, partially complete protein, incomplete protein, amino acid (Essential amino acid, nonessential amino acid)
		脂肪 Fat	饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸与甘油组成的三酰甘油酯 Saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, tri-acylglycerol
		维生素 Vitamin	脂溶性维生素、水溶性维生素、维生素原 Fat-soluble vitamin, water-soluble vitamin, provitamin, etc.
		矿物质 Mineral	钠、钙、钾、磷、镁、硫、铁、锌、铜、碘等 Sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, iron, zinc, copper, iodine, etc.
		膳食纤维 Dietary fiber	可溶性膳食纤维、不可溶性膳食纤维 Soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber
	生物活性成分 Physiologically active compound	类胡萝卜素 Carotenoids	α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、隐黄质、玉米黄质、番茄红素、叶黄素等 α-carotene, β-carotene, cryptoxanthan, zeaxanthia, lycopene, lutein, etc.
		酚酸类 Phenolic acid	水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、原儿茶酸、香草酸、没食子酸、龙胆酸、丁香酸、羟基肉桂酸等 Salicylic acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, syringic acid, hydroxyl cinnamic acid, etc.
		黄酮类 Flavonoid	黄酮醇、黄酮、黄烷醇、黄烷酮、异黄酮、花青素等 Flavonol, flavone, flavanol, flavanone, isoflavonoide, anthocyanidin, etc.
		香豆素类 Courmarin	简单香豆素类、呋喃香豆素类、吡喃香豆素类、双香豆素类、异香豆素类等 Simple coumarins, furanocoumarins, pyranocoumarins, dicoumarins, isocoumarins, etc.
		有机硫类 Organosulfur	异硫氰酸盐、二烯丙基硫化物等 Isothiocyanate, diallyl sulfide, etc.

续表1

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