中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (15): 3343-3354.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.15.017
闫瑞瑞1(),高娃1,沈贝贝1,张宇1,王淼1,朱晓昱1,2,辛晓平1()
收稿日期:
2020-07-01
接受日期:
2021-05-25
出版日期:
2021-08-01
发布日期:
2021-08-10
通讯作者:
辛晓平
作者简介:
闫瑞瑞,E-mail: 基金资助:
YAN RuiRui1(),GAO Wa1,SHEN BeiBei1,ZHANG Yu1,WANG Miao1,ZHU XiaoYu1,2,XIN XiaoPing1()
Received:
2020-07-01
Accepted:
2021-05-25
Online:
2021-08-01
Published:
2021-08-10
Contact:
XiaoPing XIN
摘要:
【背景】 内蒙古草原是我国北方重要的天然生态屏障,其中草甸草原处于森林向草原过渡地带,在我国温性草甸草原是一种非常宝贵的自然再生资源。且内蒙古草原在我国温性草甸草原所占比例最大,其中大部分是放牧场。放牧是人类影响草地生态系统最主要的方式之一,过度的放牧会导致草原群落发生逆行演替,草地的生产性能不断降低,从而限制了草地畜牧业的稳定发展。【目的】 全面准确及时地评估放牧场退化状况,为维护和促进草地可持续利用提供支持。【方法】 通过总结草地放牧场退化演替规律及驱动机制,采用层次分析、专家调查以及比较矩阵分析方法,构建了内蒙古草甸草原放牧场退化指标体系,包括地上生物量、盖度、平均高度、植物种数、枯落物量、退化指示植物比例、土壤有机碳含量、土壤容重共8个指标。基于评估综合指数模型的建立,提出对照基准指标的参数,利用定量评估的综合指数反映草甸草原放牧场退化的整体状况。同时,探讨和研究了内蒙古草甸草原放牧场退化定量评估指标体系构建及其技术方法,以呼伦贝尔谢尔塔拉控制放牧试验为基础,对该方法进行了评估验证。【结果】 研究得出内蒙古草甸草原放牧场评价指标体系的8项指标权重由大到小依次为地上生物量、盖度、平均高度、退化指示植物比例、植物种数、枯落物量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤容重增加比例。草甸草原退化分级可以分为未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化4个等级,当放牧等于零或很轻的放牧状态时草地属于未退化草地范围。当放牧为90%以上时草原属于重度退化草地范围。【结论】 基于上述研究,建议在今后的研究中进行更长时期的探讨,对基准参考值做进一步的完善和更新,对放牧场退化评估指标体系更加完善和成熟有利,可以为放牧场退化定量评估提供依据。
闫瑞瑞, 高娃, 沈贝贝, 张宇, 王淼, 朱晓昱, 辛晓平. 草甸草原放牧场退化定量评估指标体系建立[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(15): 3343-3354.
YAN RuiRui, GAO Wa, SHEN BeiBei, ZHANG Yu, WANG Miao, ZHU XiaoYu, XIN XiaoPing. Index System for Quantitative Evaluation of Pasture Degradation in Meadow Grassland of Inner Mongolia[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(15): 3343-3354.
表1
专家调查法筛选指标判断矩阵"
指标 Factor | 平均高度 Height | 地上生物量 Above-ground biomass | 盖度 Coverage | 中型禾草 占比例 Proportion of medium grasses | 枯落物量 Amount of litter | 退化指示 植物比例 Degradation indicates plant proportion | 裸斑、盐 碱斑比例 Bare spot, saline-alkali spot ratio | 可食草种 占总量比例 Proportion of herbivores in the total | 可食草种 增加率 Increase rate of herbivores | 不可食草 占总量比例 Non-herbivores as a percentage of the total | 有害草占 总量比例 Proportion of harmful grass in total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均高度 Height | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
地上生物量 Above-ground biomass | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
盖度 Coverage | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
中型禾草占比例 Proportion of medium grasses | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
枯落物量 Amount of litter | 1/4 | 1/5 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/2 | 1 |
退化指示植物比例 Degradation indicates plant proportion | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
裸斑、盐碱斑比例 Bare spot, saline-alkali spot ratio | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
可食草种占总量比例 Proportion of herbivores in the total | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
可食草种增加率 Increase rate of herbivores | 1/3 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
不可食草占总量比例 Non-herbivores as a percentage of the total | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
有害草占总量比例 Proportion of harmful grass in total | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
土壤侵蚀模增加比例 Soil erosion patterns increase in proportion | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
鼠洞面积占草地面积比例 Proportion of rat hole area to grassland area | 1/5 | 1/5 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
土壤容重增加比例 Proportion of soil bulk density increased | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
土壤全氮减少比例 Proportion of TN decreased | 1/4 | 1/4 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
土壤含盐量增加比例 Proportion of soil salt increased | 1/9 | 1/9 | 1/9 | 1/6 | 1/3 | 1/9 | 1/6 | 1/7 | 1/4 | 1/5 | 1/4 |
有机质含量减少比例 Organic matter content decreases proportionally | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
禾草类占比例 Proportion of grasses | 1/4 | 1/5 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
沙化指示植物增加比例 Desertification indicates an increased proportion of plants | 1/4 | 1/4 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
盐渍化指示植物增加比例 Salinization indicates an increased proportion of plants | 1/4 | 1/5 | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
土壤有机碳比例 Proportion of SOC | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
植物种类 Plants species | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
指标 Factor | 土壤侵蚀模 增加比例 Soil erosion patterns increase in proportion | 鼠洞面积占草 地面积比例 Proportion of rat hole area to grassland area | 土壤容重 增加比例 Proportion of soil bulk density increased | 土壤全氮减少比例 Proportion of TN decreased | 土壤含盐量 增加比例 proportion of soil salt increased | 有机质含量 减少比例 Organic matter content decreases proportionally | 禾草类占比例 Proportion of grasses | 沙化指示植物增加比例 Desertification indicates an increased proportion of plants | 盐渍化指示植物增加比例 Salinization indicates an increased proportion of plants | 土壤有机碳 比例 Proportion of SOC | 植物种类 Plants species |
平均高度 Height | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
地上生物量 Above-ground biomass | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
盖度 Coverage | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
中型禾草占比例 Proportion of medium grasses | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
枯落物量 Amount of litter | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/3 |
退化指示植物比例 Degradation indicates plant proportion | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
裸斑、盐碱斑比例 Bare spot, saline-alkali spot ratio | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
可食草种占总量比例 Proportion of herbivores in the total | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
可食草种增加率Increase rate of herbivores | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
不可食草占总量比例 Non-herbivores as a percentage of the total | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1/2 |
有害草占总量比例 Proportion of harmful grass in total | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
土壤侵蚀模增加比例 Soil erosion patterns increase in proportion | 1 | 1 | 1/2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 1/2 |
鼠洞面积占草地面积比例 Proportion of rat hole area to grassland area | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/3 |
土壤容重增加比例 Proportion of soil bulk density increased | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
土壤全氮减少比例 Proportion of TN decreased | 1 | 1 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1/2 | 1/3 |
土壤含盐量增加比例 Proportion of soil salt increased | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1/7 | 1/3 | 1 | 1/5 | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/7 | 1/8 |
有机质含量减少比例 Organic matter content decreases proportionally | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
禾草类占比例 Proportion of grasses | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/3 |
沙化指示植物增加比例 Desertification indicates an increased proportion of plants | 1 | 1 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/3 |
盐渍化指示植物增加比例 Salinization indicates an increased proportion of plants | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1 | 3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/3 |
土壤有机碳比例 Proportion of SOC | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
植物种类 Plants species | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
表2
指标的权重大小排序"
指标 Factor | 权重Weight |
---|---|
地上生物量Above-ground biomass | 0.093 |
盖度Coverage | 0.089 |
平均高度Average height | 0.087 |
退化指示植物比例Degradation indicates plant proportion | 0.071 |
植物种类Plants species | 0.056 |
枯落物量Amount of litter | 0.055 |
土壤有机碳比例Proportion of SOC | 0.053 |
可食草种占总量比例Proportion of herbivores in the total | 0.052 |
土壤容重增加比例Proportion of soil bulk density increased | 0.052 |
中型禾草占比例Proportion of medium grasses | 0.048 |
裸斑、盐碱斑比例Bare spot, saline-alkali spot ratio | 0.045 |
有机质含量减少比例Organic matter content decreases proportionally | 0.041 |
不可食草占总量比例Non-herbivores as a percentage of the total | 0.038 |
有害草占总量比例Proportion of harmful grass in total | 0.033 |
可食草种增加率Increase rate of herbivores | 0.029 |
土壤侵蚀模增加比例Soil erosion patterns increase in proportion | 0.028 |
全氮减少比例 Proportion of TN decreased | 0.022 |
沙化指示植物增加比例Desertification indicates an increased proportion of plants | 0.022 |
盐渍化指示植物增加比例Salinization indicates an increased proportion of plants | 0.020 |
鼠洞面积占草地面积比例 Proportion of rat hole area to grassland area | 0.019 |
禾草类占比例Proportion of grasses | 0.018 |
土壤含盐量增加比例proportion of soil salt increased | 0.008 |
表3
专家对各价指标赋权分析及汇总"
因子 Factor | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 权重平均 Average weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
地上生物量 Above-ground biomass (kg·hm-2) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.20 |
盖度Coverage (%) | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.15 |
平均高度Average height (cm) | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.15 |
植物种数Plants species (种/m2) | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.10 |
枯落物量Amount of litter (kg·hm-2) | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.10 |
退化指示植物比例 Degradation indicates plant proportion (%) | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.11 |
土壤有机碳含量Soil organic carbon (g·kg-1) | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
土壤容重Soil bulk (g·cm-3) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.10 |
表4
草甸草原放牧退化定量评估指标参考最大值"
指标 Factor | 评估指标参考最大值 (Axn) |
---|---|
地上现存量Aboveground stock (kg·hm-2) | 3400 |
盖度Coverage (%) | 87 |
平均高度Average height (cm) | 75 |
植物种数Plants species (种/m2) | 50 |
枯落物量Amount of litter (kg·hm-2) | 2600 |
退化指示植物比例 Degradation indicates plant proportion (%) | 90 |
土壤有机碳含量Soil organic carbon (g·kg-1) | 45 |
土壤容重Soil bulk (g·cm-3) | 1.35 |
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