中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (7): 1150-1163.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.07.003
所属专题: 葡萄研究专题
王晓玥1,张国军1,孙磊1,赵印2,闫爱玲1,王慧玲1,任建成1,徐海英1()
收稿日期:
2018-07-09
接受日期:
2018-12-10
出版日期:
2019-04-01
发布日期:
2019-04-04
通讯作者:
徐海英
作者简介:
王晓玥,Tel:010-82592156;E-mail: 基金资助:
WANG XiaoYue1,ZHANG GuoJun1,SUN Lei1,ZHAO Yin2,YAN AiLing1,WANG HuiLing1,REN JianCheng1,XU HaiYing1()
Received:
2018-07-09
Accepted:
2018-12-10
Online:
2019-04-01
Published:
2019-04-04
Contact:
HaiYing XU
摘要:
【目的】比较研究2种不同架式对鲜食葡萄多年生大树在栽培性状、果实品质、病害发生情况等的影响,为华北冲积平原埋土区推广适宜的葡萄栽培架式提供参考。【方法】以鲜食葡萄‘瑞都脆霞’‘瑞都无核怡’和‘瑞都香玉’为试材,分别采用T型架和V型架栽培,系统分析2种架式对葡萄物候期、生长结果习性、光合作用、树体结构、果实基本理化指标,多酚化合物含量和栽培用工等方面的影响。【结果】2种架式的物候期和结果习性差异不显著。T型架葡萄副梢管理次数、摘心次数、结果枝绑缚次数和冬季修剪工时均小于V型架,二者冬季下架埋土和春季出土上架所用工时无显著差异。‘瑞都脆霞’T型架在2017年的净光合速率小于V型架,‘瑞都无核怡’T型架在2016年的净光合速率小于V型架,其他情况均表现为T型架的光合性能更强。2017年3个品种在2种架式下的新梢粗度无显著差异。新梢粗度标准差的结果表明,当葡萄树体的树势由强旺调控至中庸水平后,3个品种在T型架的新梢粗度标准差分别为2.3、2.6和2.3,低于V型架的2.7、2.75和3.0,表现出更强的新梢一致性。3个品种在叶幕高度和叶幕长度的表现有所差异,但是V型架的叶幕厚度和叶幕体积均大于T型架,其中‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平;‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’在V型架下的叶面积指数高于T型,‘瑞都无核怡’结果相反;2种架式下的叶片叶绿素含量并无显著差异。V型架的叶片霜霉病发病率和病情指数均显著高于T型,白粉病差异不显著。在产量调控至同一水平时,2种架式的穗重、单粒重、纵横径和可溶性固形物之间无显著差异,但是2016年和2017年T型架下葡萄果实的固酸比显著优于V型架。‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的总花色苷含量高于V型,其中‘瑞都无核怡’达到显著水平,比V型架高0.018 mg·g -1;3个品种在T型架下的类黄酮含量均高于V型架,其中‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平,比V型架高0.70 mg·g -1;‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的原花色素含量显著高于V型架,另外2个品种架式间差异不显著。【结论】对位于华北冲积平原且须埋土防寒的葡萄产区,相较于V型架,T型架叶片光合利用效率更高,叶部病害发生更少,新梢生长一致性更好,果实品质更优,口感更佳,管理更省工,具有推广应用价值。
王晓玥,张国军,孙磊,赵印,闫爱玲,王慧玲,任建成,徐海英. 2种架式对3个鲜食葡萄品种栽培性状及果实品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(7): 1150-1163.
WANG XiaoYue,ZHANG GuoJun,SUN Lei,ZHAO Yin,YAN AiLing,WANG HuiLing,REN JianCheng,XU HaiYing. Effects of Two Trellis Systems on Viticultural Characteristics and Fruit Quality of Three Table Grape Cultivars[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(7): 1150-1163.
表1
2015—2017年气象条件"
生长季 Growing period | 平均温度 Mean temperature (℃) | 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 风速 Wind speed (km?h-1) | 降雨量 Precipitation (mm) | 有效积温 Growing degree days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | |||||
4月April | 14.7 | 45.7 | 11.3 | 34.29 | 134.0 |
5月May | 20.8 | 44.3 | 11.3 | 24.89 | 290.0 |
6月June | 24.4 | 57.9 | 9.3 | 34.80 | 407.5 |
7月July | 26.5 | 65.7 | 7.6 | 83.07 | 481.0 |
8月August | 26.1 | 68.6 | 7.3 | 71.10 | 501.0 |
9月September | 20.6 | 71.2 | 8.1 | 50.54 | 302.5 |
10月October | 13.8 | 59.2 | 9.3 | 14.22 | 130.5 |
11月November | 2.9 | 78.9 | 7.5 | 17.28 | 0.5 |
均值/总合Average/Total | 18.7 | 61.4 | 9.0 | 330.20 | 2247 |
2016 | |||||
4月April | 15.5 | 38.8 | 11.4 | 5.59 | 159.5 |
5月May | 20.2 | 45.0 | 10.9 | 17.77 | 297.0 |
6月June | 24.9 | 57.7 | 8.5 | 61.47 | 421.5 |
7月July | 27.1 | 69.4 | 7.9 | 181.61 | 501.0 |
8月August | 27.0 | 66.3 | 8.1 | 71.37 | 500.0 |
9月September | 21.3 | 66.2 | 7.7 | 56.13 | 335.5 |
10月October | 12.9 | 72.4 | 8.0 | 50.30 | 113.0 |
11月November | 3.52 | 62.1 | 8.6 | 7.87 | 1.5 |
均值/总合Average/Total | 19.1 | 59.7 | 8.9 | 452.11 | 2329 |
2017 | |||||
4月April | 15.5 | 36.4 | 10.6 | 0 | 124.5 |
5月May | 22.0 | 40.9 | 10.5 | 28.95 | 293.5 |
6月June | 24.7 | 50.5 | 9.0 | 80.78 | 357.5 |
7月July | 27.3 | 75.0 | 7.7 | 63.51 | 443.5 |
8月August | 25.9 | 73.3 | 7.5 | 199.9 | 423 |
9月September | 21.7 | 64.5 | 7.4 | 3.05 | 318 |
10月October | 12.3 | 72.5 | 7.1 | 32.77 | 80.5 |
11月November | 3.1 | 46.0 | 10.3 | 0 | 4.0 |
均值/总合Average/Total | 19.1 | 57.4 | 8.8 | 408.96 | 2044.5 |
表2
2015—2017年3个品种在2种架式下的物候期"
年份 Year | 品种 Cultivar | 架式 Trellis system | 萌芽期 Bud break (M-D) | 初花期 First bloom (M-D) | 始熟期 Veraison (M-D) | 新梢始熟期 Cane maturation (M-D) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | CX | T | 4-18 | 5-26 | 7-6 | 9-6 |
V | 4-19 | 5-27 | 7-9 | 9-1 | ||
WHY | T | 4-22 | 5-27 | 7-19 | 8-25 | |
V | 4-22 | 5-26 | 7-22 | 8-2 | ||
XY | T | 4-21 | 5-24 | 7-13 | 8-14 | |
V | 4-19 | 5-24 | 7-13 | 8-5 | ||
2016 | CX | T | 4-18 | 5-23 | 7-2 | 9-9 |
V | 4-18 | 5-22 | 7-2 | 9-1 | ||
WHY | T | 4-21 | 5-28 | 7-24 | 8-28 | |
V | 4-22 | 5-26 | 7-24 | 8-26 | ||
XY | T | 4-17 | 5-20 | 7-25 | 8-25 | |
V | 4-18 | 5-19 | 7-24 | 8-27 | ||
2017 | CX | T | 4-18 | 5-19 | 7-5 | 8-28 |
V | 4-18 | 5-19 | 7-4 | 8-25 | ||
WHY | T | 4-21 | 5-20 | 7-16 | 8-18 | |
V | 4-22 | 5-20 | 7-16 | 8-18 | ||
XY | T | 4-17 | 5-16 | 7-6 | 8-26 | |
V | 4-18 | 5-16 | 7-9 | 8-28 |
表3
2015—2017年3个品种在2种架式下的结果习性"
年份 Year | 品种 Cultivar | 架式 Trellis system | 萌芽率 Percentage of germination (%) | 结果枝率 Percentage of bearing shoots (%) | 结果系数 Cluster number per bearing shoot |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | CX | T | 95.3±2.2* | 83.8±4.7 | 1.73±0.1 |
V | 48.3±4.8 | 94.2±1.7 | 1.80±0.1 | ||
WHY | T | 71.0±3.1 | 66.2±2.0 | 1.21±0.0 | |
V | 39.2±4.0 | 69.4±6.5 | 1.09±0.0 | ||
XY | T | 86.7±3.3* | 54.7±17.6 | 1.63±0.1 | |
V | 47.6±3.3 | 80.0±2.0 | 1.88±0.1 | ||
2016 | CX | T | 67.8±3.9 | 90.0±1.1 | 1.83±0.1 |
V | 63.8±3.3 | 93.3±4.1 | 1.57±0.0 | ||
WHY | T | 72.0±1.5 | 87.4±3.6 | 1.45±0.1 | |
V | 70.5±2.0 | 75.8±10.5 | 1.17±0.0 | ||
XY | T | 72.0±2.9 | 59.0±8.2 | 1.11±0.1 | |
V | 61.1±3.6 | 71.5±4.4 | 1.56±0.1 | ||
2017 | CX | T | 73.1±5.0 | 77.8±6.1 | 1.52±0.1 |
V | 64.6±8.1 | 71.6±6.1 | 1.49±0.0 | ||
WHY | T | 67.4±7.6 | 76.6±7.4 | 1.35±0.1 | |
V | 67.9±3.7 | 54.1±21.5 | 1.30±0.1 | ||
XY | T | 60.5±3.7 | 71.6±7.7 | 1.41±0.2 | |
V | 67.7±8.0 | 61.9±3.8 | 1.71±0.1 |
表4
两种架式特点和用工劳动强度"
项目 Parameter | V型 V-trellis | T型 T-trellis |
---|---|---|
长势Vigor | 较旺 Vigorous | 中庸 Moderate |
顶端优势 Apical dominance | 较明显 Obvious | 不明显 Not obvious |
结果带距地面高度Fruit setting height (cm) | 40 | 170 |
出土上架工时(时/人·亩)Out-of-soil and tying hours per person per 1/6 acre | 24 | 24 |
副梢管理次数(/年)Lateral shoot management times (/year) | 10 | 5 |
摘心次数(/年)Topping times (/year) | 1—2 | 1 |
结果枝绑缚次数(/年)Fruit branch binding times (/year) | 2 | 1 |
冬季修剪工时(时/人·亩)Winter pruning hours per person per 1/6 acre | 2 | 1.33 |
下架埋土工时(时/人·亩) Soil-bury and untying hours per person per 1/6 acre | 3.2 | 3.2 |
表5
2015年3个品种在2种架式下的叶幕和叶片特征比较"
品种 Cultivar | 架式 Trellis system | 叶幕高度 Canopy height (cm) | 叶幕长度 Canopy length (cm) | 叶幕厚度 Canopy thickness (cm) | 叶幕体积 Canopy volume (cm3) | 叶面积指数 Leaf area index | 叶片叶绿素 Leaf chlorophyll contents (SPAD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CX | T | 127.3±2.7 | 162.7±3.0 | 39.3±2.0 | 0.86±0.0 | 1.33±0.22 | 42.4±1.6 |
V | 111.7±6.1 | 303.0±28.8 | 60.0±5.8* | 2.0±0.3* | 1.71±0.15 | 31.4±3.9 | |
WHY | T | 111.0±8.5 | 177.7±29.0 | 52.0±4.0 | 1.0±0.2 | 2.05±0.23 | 44.9±0.6 |
V | 114.7±2.4 | 202.7±30.0 | 58.7±7.2 | 1.4±0.3 | 1.78±0.03 | 49.1±1.8 | |
XY | T | 94.3±1.9 | 328.0±17.4* | 51.0±4.0 | 1.6±0.1 | 1.00±0.07 | 44.6±1.7 |
V | 116.7±3.2* | 234.7±25.9 | 73.0±10.4 | 1.9±0.1* | 1.57±0.14* | 44.0±0.9 |
表6
2种架式叶片霜霉病和白粉病发病情况比较"
年份 Year | 品种 Cultivar | 架式 Trellis system | 霜霉病Downy mildew | 白粉病Powdery mildew | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
发病率Incidence (%) | 病情指数Disease index | 发病率Incidence (%) | 病情指数Disease index | |||
2016 | CX | T | 7.79±2.56 | 0.87±0.28 | 7.78±5.21 | 0.86±0.58 |
V | 2.48±1.32 | 0.28±0.15 | 16.00±8.19 | 2.22±1.16 | ||
WHY | T | 6.20±2.67 | 0.69±0.30 | 44.00±8.84 | 7.11±1.93 | |
V | 11.83±0.85 | 1.31±0.10 | 53.00±13.3 | 18.33±5.24 | ||
XY | T | 4.62±1.71 | 0.51±0.19 | 0 | 0 | |
V | 14.38±1.35* | 1.94±0.40* | 0 | 0 | ||
2017 | CX | T | 15.93±8.49 | 2.14±0.97 | 33.33±6.15 | 9.63±4.42 |
V | 46.67±8.03* | 17.41±5.01* | 33.33±10.5 | 10.37±5.57 | ||
WHY | T | 7.04±4.46 | 1.60±1.22 | 41.06±7.97* | 10.49±4.02 | |
V | 36.67±8.82* | 8.52±2.14* | 16.67±5.58 | 4.07±2.00 | ||
XY | T | 1.67±1.67 | 0.56±0.56 | 14.58±6.78 | 4.40±2.55 | |
V | 30.00±0.00* | 8.89±1.38* | 23.33±3.33 | 5.56±1.25 |
表7
2种架式对果实品质基本指标的影响"
年份 Year | 品种 Variety | 架式 Trellis system | 果穗重 Cluster weight (g) | 单粒重 Berry weight (g) | 横径 Berry width | 纵径 Berry length | 可溶性固形物 Total soluble solids (°Brix) | 可滴定酸 Titratable acidity (g·L-1) | 固酸比 TSS/TA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | CX | T | 681±16* | 8.0 | 2.39 | 2.45 | 15.6±0.2 | 4.75±0.02 | 32.8 |
V | 480±38 | 7.3 | 2.25 | 2.43 | 15.3±0.6 | 4.48±0.02 | 34.2 | ||
WHY | T | 674±107 | 6.8 | 2.29 | 2.46 | 16.5±0.5 | 5.30±0.07 | 31.1 | |
V | 657±64 | 8.7 | 2.45 | 2.67 | 16.5±0.3 | 5.47±0.03 | 30.2 | ||
XY | T | 595±218 | 9.4 | 2.52 | 2.71 | 17.2±0.2 | 4.41±0.02 | 39.0 | |
V | 529±48 | 8.0 | 2.38 | 2.65 | 17.3±0.3 | 4.41±0.02 | 39.2 | ||
2016 | CX | T | 497±37* | 7.6 | 2.34 | 2.42 | 18.8±0.1 | 3.58±0.05 | 52.5 |
V | 286±41 | 6.8 | 2.16 | 2.51 | 18.6±0.6 | 3.14±0.03 | 59.2* | ||
WHY | T | 373±99 | 6.7 | 2.14 | 2.53 | 15.8±0.7 | 4.36±0.02 | 36.2 | |
V | 244±29 | 6.9 | 2.10 | 2.40 | 15.8±0.2 | 4.31±0.01 | 36.7 | ||
XY | T | 296±95 | 7.2 | 2.23 | 2.54 | 16.6±0.3 | 4.50±0.03 | 36.9 | |
V | 310±32 | 8.5 | 2.35 | 2.60 | 16.5±0.2 | 3.55±0.04 | 46.5* | ||
2017 | CX | T | 392±22 | 6.1 | 2.16 | 2.15 | 18.4±1.0 | 3.11±0.03* | 59.2 |
V | 480±32 | 7.0 | 2.27 | 2.30 | 18.3±0.4 | 2.53±0.11 | 72.3* | ||
WHY | T | 369±58 | 7.0 | 2.25 | 2.41 | 15.3±0.4 | 3.56±0.01 | 43.0* | |
V | 309±21 | 7.0 | 2.21 | 2.42 | 14.0±0.9 | 4.70±0.01* | 29.8 | ||
XY | T | 363±35 | 7.1 | 2.23 | 2.39 | 18.0±0.4 | 3.51±0.03 | 51.3 | |
V | 384±23 | 6.9 | 2.22 | 2.33 | 17.3±0.6 | 3.62±0.11 | 47.8 |
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