土壤肥力对红壤性水稻土水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.017

中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (18): 3614-3624.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.017

• 研究简报 • 上一篇

土壤肥力对红壤性水稻土水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

彭卫福^1,²(), 吕伟生³, 黄山¹(), 曾勇军¹, 潘晓华¹, 石庆华¹

¹江西农业大学农学院/教育部作物生理生态与遗传育种重点实验室,南昌330045
²江西农业大学生物科学与工程学院,南昌330045
³江西省红壤研究所/国家红壤改良工程技术研究中心/农业部江西耕地保育科学观测实验站,南昌331717

收稿日期:2018-03-08 接受日期:2018-05-07 出版日期:2018-09-16 发布日期:2018-09-16
作者简介:
联系方式：彭卫福,E-mail：pengwei_fu@126.com
基金资助:
“十三五”国家重点研发计划（2016YFD0300903, 2017YFD0301605）、国家自然科学基金（31460336）

Effects of Soil Fertility on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in a Red Paddy Soil

WeiFu PENG^1,²(), WeiSheng LÜ³, Shan HUANG¹(), YongJun ZENG¹, XiaoHua PAN¹, QingHua SHI¹

¹School of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding(Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330045
²College of Biology Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045
³Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil / National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement/Scientific Observational and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation in Jiangxi, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanchang 331717

Received:2018-03-08 Accepted:2018-05-07 Online:2018-09-16 Published:2018-09-16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】土壤肥力是红壤性稻田水稻丰产的基础。明确不同肥力对红壤性水稻土作物产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,为红壤性稻田土壤培肥和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】选取质地相似的不同肥力水平的红壤性水稻土进行盆栽试验（以土壤有机质的高低代表土壤肥力的高低）,利用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术研究不同肥力水平（F_L、F_M和F_H分别代表低肥力、中肥力和高肥力,其低、中、高肥力土壤的有机质含量分别为19.9、29.6、38.9 g·kg^-1）和氮肥水平（N₀、N₁₅₀和N₂₂₅分别代表施氮量为0、150和225 kg·hm^-2,共9个试验处理,分别为F_LN₀、F_LN₁₅₀、F_LN₂₂₅、F_MN₀、F_MN₁₅₀、F_MN₂₂₅、F_HN₀、F_HN₁₅₀和F_HN₂₂₅）对水稻产量及其构成、氮肥吸收及其去向的影响。【结果】提升土壤肥力和施氮均能显著提高水稻的有效穗数、产量和总吸氮量。与N₀相比,F_L、F_M和F_H在N₁₅₀处理下的增产率分别为63%、40%、17%,而在N₂₂₅处理下的增产率分别为89%、55%和23%。在中、低肥力土壤上,增施氮肥能显著提高水稻产量,而F_HN₁₅₀和F_HN₂₂₅处理之间产量无显著差异。¹⁵N示踪结果表明,相同施氮量条件下,水稻植株对肥料氮素和土壤氮素的吸收量均随土壤肥力的提高而增加。但是,水稻植株总吸氮量中来自土壤氮素的比例随土壤肥力的提高而增加,而来自肥料氮素的比例则随之降低。增施氮肥会增加水稻吸收肥料氮素的比例,降低其吸收土壤氮素的比例。F_L、F_M和F_H土壤水稻的平均氮肥回收率分别为42%、48%和52%,平均氮肥残留率分别为20%、23%和28%,平均氮肥损失率分别为38%、29%和20%。F_LN₂₂₅氮肥回收率显著高于F_LN₁₅₀,F_M两个施氮量氮肥回收率无显著差异,而F_HN₂₂₅的氮肥回收率显著低于F_HN₁₅₀。提升土壤肥力能显著提高土壤微生物量氮、铵态氮和固定态铵的含量。【结论】提升土壤肥力能显著提高红壤性水稻土的水稻产量以及化肥氮的回收率和残留率,而降低氮肥损失率。在低肥力土壤上适当增加施氮量有利于增加产量和氮肥回收率;而在高肥力土壤上适当降低施氮量在保证较高水稻产量的同时,能够提高氮肥回收率、降低氮肥损失。

关键词: 土壤肥力, ¹⁵N示踪, 红壤性水稻土, 氮肥利用效率, 氮肥去向

Abstract:

【Objective】 Soil fertility is the basis for high rice yield in the red paddy soil. It is critical to clarify the effects of different fertility levels on crop yield and nitrogen (N) use efficiency, thereby providing scientific evidence for soil fertility improvement and appropriate fertilizer management in red paddy soil. 【Method】 A pot experiment was carried out on red paddy soils with similar texture and different fertility levels (The level of soil organic matter represented the level of soil fertility) with the ¹⁵N isotopic tracer technique. The effects of soil fertility (F_L, F_M, and F_H represent low, medium, and high fertility soils with a soil organic matter 19.9, 29.6, 38.9 g·kg^-1, respectively) and N fertilizer rate (N₀, N₁₅₀, and N₂₂₅ represent the N application rate at 0, 150, and 225 kg·hm^-2, respectively), with 9 treatments (F_LN₀, F_LN₁₅₀, F_LN₂₂₅, F_MN₀, F_MN₁₅₀, F_MN₂₂₅, F_HN₀, F_HN₁₅₀, and F_HN₂₂₅) on rice yield and its composition, N uptake and its fate were investigated. 【Result】 Increasing soil fertility and N fertilization significantly increased the number of effective panicles, yield, and total N uptake of rice. Compared with N₀, F_L, F_M, and F_H increased rice yield by 63%, 40% and 17% under N₁₅₀ treatment, respectively, with 89%, 55% and 23% under N₂₂₅ treatment, respectively. In medium and low fertility soils, increasing the N rate significantly increased rice yield, whereas no significant difference was found between the F_HN₁₅₀ and F_HN₂₂₅ treatments. Using the ¹⁵N tracing technique, we found that the uptake of fertilizer N and soil N by rice plants increased with the increasing soil fertility under the same N application rate. However, the proportion of N derived from soil (Ndfs) increased with the increasing soil fertility, while the proportion of N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) showed the opposite trend. Increasing N fertilization rate led to an increase in Ndff, while reducing Ndfs. The average N recovery efficiency (NRE) of F_L, F_M, and F_H was 42%, 48% and 52%, respectively; with the average N fertilizer residue rate of 20%, 23% and 28%, and the average N fertilizer loss rate of 38%, 29% and 20%, respectively. The NRE of F_LN₂₂₅ was significantly higher than F_LN₁₅₀ with no significant difference with F_M soils, while the NRE of F_HN₂₂₅ was significantly lower than F_HN₁₅₀. Increasing soil fertility significantly increased the contents of soil microbial biomass N, ammonium N, and fixed ammonium. 【Conclusion】 These results indicated that the higher of the soil fertility, the higher of the rice yield, the NRE and the N residual rate in the red paddy soil were, and the lower of the N loss rate was. Therefore, increasing N application rate was effective to increase both rice yield and NRE in low fertility soils. In contrast, an appropriate reduction in N application rate might benefit rice NRE and reduce fertilizer N losses without compromising rice yield.

Key words: soil fertility, ¹⁵N isotopic tracing, red paddy soil, nitrogen use efficiency, fertilizer N fate

彭卫福, 吕伟生, 黄山, 曾勇军, 潘晓华, 石庆华. 土壤肥力对红壤性水稻土水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(18): 3614-3624.

WeiFu PENG, WeiSheng LÜ, Shan HUANG, YongJun ZENG, XiaoHua PAN, QingHua SHI. Effects of Soil Fertility on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in a Red Paddy Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(18): 3614-3624.

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土壤肥力 Soil fertility	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	总氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline N (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Olsen P (mg·kg^-1)	砂粒 Sand (2-0.02 mm, %)	粉粒 Silt (0.02-0.002 mm, %）	黏粒 Clay (<0.002 mm, %)
低肥力Low fertility	5.48	19.9	1.2	137.2	174.7	17.9	22	56	22
中肥力Medium fertility	5.39	29.6	1.8	191.5	170.5	21.2	23	55	22
高肥力High fertility	5.31	38.9	2.3	241.4	239.6	22.4	22	54	24

处理 Treatments	产量 Grain yield (g/pot)	有效穗数 Effective panicles/pot	每穗实粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Filled grain percentage (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
F_LN₀	23.6f	9.3f	108.6ab	89.4bc	26.5d
F_LN₁₅₀	38.5e	15.3de	101.9b	88.7bc	26.3d
F_LN₂₂₅	44.5d	17.0d	109.0ab	89.0bc	26.4d
F_MN₀	40.0e	14.7e	116.5a	88.9bc	26.7bcd
F_MN₁₅₀	55.9c	19.3c	114.5ab	88.3c	26.6cd
F_MN₂₂₅	62.1b	22.0ab	113.6ab	88.3c	26.5d
F_HN₀	55.3c	21.7b	115.5ab	89.6b	27.1a
F_HN₁₅₀	65.0ab	22.3ab	114.5ab	91.5a	27.0ab
F_HN₂₂₅	68.0a	24.0a	117.4a	91.1a	26.9abc
ANOVA（P）
肥力（F）	0.0001	0.0001	0.0525	0.0001	0.0001
施氮量（N）	0.0001	0.0001	0.6595	0.8117	0.3175
肥力×施氮量（F×N）	0.0010	0.0033	0.9165	0.0366	0.9305

处理 Treatments	总吸氮量 N uptake (mg/pot)	肥料氮吸收量 Fertilizer N uptake (mg/pot)	来自肥料氮的比例 Ndff (%)	土壤氮吸收量 Soil N uptake (mg/pot)	来自土壤氮的比例 Ndfs (%)
F_LN₀	443.0g	-	-	-	-
F_LN₁₅₀	723.5f	163.5f	22.6b	560.0e	77.4e
F_LN₂₂₅	854.1e	260.9c	30.5a	593.2d	69.5f
F_MN₀	904.9e	-	-	-	-
F_MN₁₅₀	1165.8d	192.7e	16.8e	973.1c	83.2b
F_MN₂₂₅	1352.3c	291.0b	21.5c	1061.3b	78.5d
F_HN₀	1184.5d	-	-	-	-
F_HN₁₅₀	1440.4b	217.4d	14.9f	1223.1a	85.1a
F_HN₂₂₅	1546.1a	302.1a	19.5d	1244.0a	80.5c
ANOVA（P）
肥力（F）	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
施氮量（N）	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
肥力×施氮量（F×N）	0.2961	0.0404	0.0001	0.0101	0.0001

土壤肥力对红壤性水稻土水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

Effects of Soil Fertility on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in a Red Paddy Soil

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