饲料油菜作绿肥对后茬麦田土壤肥力及细菌群落的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.15.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨黄土高原旱地麦后复种饲料油菜还田对后茬麦田土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落的影响,为改善农田地力提供依据。【方法】设置饲料油菜播量（S1：小播量;S2：中播量;S3：大播量）和还田时期（D1：早期还田9月10日;D2：中期还田9月20日;D3：晚期还田9月30日）二因素试验,以常规农户复种夏玉米模式为对照,比较后茬麦田土壤养分及酶活性变化,并采用16S rRNA 基因Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术和PICRUSt基因预测分析方法,比较后茬麦田耕层土壤细菌群落结构、多样性及代谢功能变化。【结果】与常规农户模式相比,饲料油菜还田可不同程度提升土壤养分及酶活性,其中有机质含量和蔗糖酶活性的提升范围最大,分别为11.73%—60.5% 和1.4%—94.5%;饲料油菜播量显著影响土壤养分和酶活性,还田时期显著影响土壤有机质含量和蔗糖酶活性,二者间互作效应显著影响碱性磷酸酶活性;播量、还田时期及其互作效应均显著影响细菌群落多样性;大播量晚期还田处理（S3D3）在所有指标中均表现最优。细菌群落组成方面,门水平上10个土壤样品共得到19个类群,其中优势菌群为变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和厚壁菌门;聚类结果显示,10个处理可聚为大播量、中播量、小播量和常规农户模式4类,表明不同播量油菜还田明显改变了土壤细菌群落构成。RDA分析表明,土壤养分、酶活性与细菌群落多样性密切相关。PICRUSt功能预测表明,土壤细菌群落具有丰富的代谢功能,其中编码新陈代谢的基因具有明显优势;二级预测功能分类中,氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和能量代谢是主要代谢功能路径。KEGG直系同源基因簇KO（KEGG orthologous groups）丰度热图结果表明,油菜还田增加了与土壤碳、氮代谢相关的细菌群落。【结论】合理复种饲料油菜并还田可提高后茬麦田土壤养分含量及酶活性,并有效改善细菌群落多样性,增加土壤有益菌群落数量。夏闲期引入饲料油菜作绿肥对提高黄土高原旱地麦田土壤肥力以及合理农作非常有利。

关键词: 油菜, 还田, 绿肥, 小麦, 土壤肥力, 细菌群落, 高通量测序, 功能预测

Abstract:

【Objective】 The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of rapeseed planting as green manure on soil nutrients, enzyme activities and bacterial community in dryland wheat field of Loess Plateau in order to improve farmland fertility. 【Method】The experiment was arranged as two-factor split-plot design including sowing rates (S1: small amount; S2: medium amount; S3: large amount) as main plots and rapeseed composting dates (D1: September 10 as early period; D2: September 20 as medium period; D3: September 30 as late period) as subplots. Soil samples at replanting maize field at local areas were considered as control to compare the soil nutrient and enzyme activities. The high-throughput sequencing and PICRUSt gene prediction analysis method was used to determine soil community composition and metabolic function.【Result】Rapeseed manure increased the soil nutrients, enzyme activity and soil bacterial community and soil organic matter and sucrase activity were increased the most, ranging from 11.7% to 60.5%, and 1.4% to 94.5%, respectively, compared with control. Soil nutrients and enzyme activities were significantly affected by rapeseed sowing rates and soil organic matter, and sucrase activity were significantly affected by rapeseed composting dates. Alkaline phosphatase activity and soil bacterial community were significantly influenced with interaction between sowing rate and compositing date. Soil nutrients, enzyme activities and soil bacterial community diversity in S3D3 group were the highest as compared to other treatments. For bacterial community composition, 19 bacterial populations were identified in 10 soil samples at the phylum level, of which the dominant bacterial population were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes. Cluster analysis showed that ten treatments could be clustered into four categories, including large amount, medium amount, small amount and control. Results indicated that rapeseed composting could significantly altered soil bacterial community composition. RDA analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between soil nutrients, enzyme activities and Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria and bacterial diversity. According to the PICRUSt analysis, soil bacterial community had rich metabolic functions and genes encoding metabolism were highest. Amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and environmental information processes were key metabolic function pathways in secondary prediction function classification. Heat map analysis of KEGG demonstrated that rapeseed composting increased the bacterial community associated with soil carbon and nitrogen metabolism.【Conclusion】Sowing amount and rapeseed composting date significantly increased the soil nutrients, enzyme activities of succeeding wheat field and effectively, and improved the composition and diversity of soil bacterial community and enhanced the beneficial bacteria. The introduction of feed rapeseed as green manure during the summer fallow period is beneficial to improve the soil fertility and provide reasonable farming system in the dryland of the Loess Plateau.

Key words: rape, returning, green manure, wheat, soil fertility, bacterial community, high-throughput sequencing, functional predicting

李文广,杨晓晓,黄春国,薛乃雯,夏清,刘小丽,张晓琪,杨思,杨珍平,高志强. 饲料油菜作绿肥对后茬麦田土壤肥力及细菌群落的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(15): 2664-2677.

LI WenGuang,YANG XiaoXiao,HUANG ChunGuo,XUE NaiWen,XIA Qing,LIU XiaoLi,ZHANG XiaoQi,YANG Si,YANG ZhenPing,GAO ZhiQiang. Effects of Rapeseed Green Manure on Soil Fertility and Bacterial Community in Dryland Wheat Field[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(15): 2664-2677.

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处理 Treatment		自由度 DF	饲料油菜生物量 Feed rape biomass (kg·hm^-2)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline N (mg·kg^-1)	有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)	脲酶 Urease (mg·g^-1·24h^-1)	碱性磷酸酶 Alkaline phosphatase (mg·g^-1·24h^-1)	蔗糖酶 Sucrase (mg·g^-1·24h^-1)
S1	D1		793.7c	14.50b	40.97d	11.25cde	0.29fg	1.19ef	0.74f
	D2		794.5c	15.04b	40.38d	9.35e	0.27g	1.13f	0.82f
	D3		815.2c	15.16b	40.65d	10.17de	0.30efg	1.30de	0.84ef
S2	D1		1367.4b	15.49ab	42.50cd	12.86bcd	0.35cd	1.46ab	0.98de
	D2		1379.0b	16.03ab	42.07d	13.29bc	0.33de	1.42bc	1.11cd
	D3		1388.8b	16.10ab	44.28cd	14.32b	0.34cd	1.33cd	1.11cd
S3	D1		1866.47a	16.39ab	46.88bc	14.33b	0.37bc	1.47ab	1.26bc
	D2		1854.3a	16.60ab	49.97ab	15.05b	0.40ab	1.54ab	1.37ab
	D3		1938.7a	17.28a	53.55a	18.47a	0.42a	1.56a	1.42a
CK				14.58b	41.13d	11.51cde	0.32def	1.24def	0.73f
S1			1342.52a	14.90b	40.67b	10.26c	0.29c	1.20c	0.79c
S2			1349.51a	15.87ab	42.95b	13.49b	0.34b	1.40b	1.06b
S3			1374.01a	16.76a	50.13a	15.95a	0.39a	1.52a	1.35a
D1			801.16c	15.46a	43.45a	12.81b	0.34a	1.37a	0.99b
D2			1378.40b	15.89a	44.14a	12.56b	0.34a	1.36a	1.09a
D3			1886.48a	16.18a	46.06a	14.32a	0.35a	1.39a	1.12a
F值F value
播量S		2	394.43**	6.35**	29.43**	39.32**	80.38**	48.32**	88.01**
还田时期D		2	0.37	0.96	2.39	4.35*	2.01	0.45	5.71*
播量×还田时期S×D		4	0.34	0.73	1.34	2.93	2.25	4.02*	0.12
误差Error		12
总变异Total		26

处理 Treatment		自由度 DF	OTU		多样性指数Diversity Index
处理 Treatment		自由度 DF	OTU		Chao 1	ACE	Shannon
S1	D1			5490b	6086b	4875bc	10.8abc
	D2			4458g	4994g	3845f	10.4d
	D3			4708f	5227f	4188e	10.6c
S2	D1			5144d	5782cd	4518d	10.7bc
	D2			5016e	5583de	4515d	10.6c
	D3			4629f	5141f	4443d	10.6c
S3	D1			5291c	5981bc	4705c	10.9ab
	D2			5498b	6194b	4903b	10.9ab
	D3			5711a	6443a	5256a	11.0a
CK				5254c	5491e	4946b	10.9ab
S1				4885c	5435b	4302c	10.57b
S2				4929b	5527b	4492b	10.63b
S3				5500a	6206a	4944a	10.91a
D1				5308a	5949a	4699a	10.76a
D2				4991c	5590b	4421b	10.62b
D3				5016b	5629b	4619a	10.73ab
F值F value
播量S		2		1952**	88.82**	79.04**	20.63**
还田时期D		2		517**	19.48**	14.93**	3.22*
播量×还田时期S×D		4		864**	29.26**	39.44**	3.22*
误差Error		12
总变异Total		26