基于枝条和叶片表型性状的梨种质资源多样性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.17.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】通过对梨种质资源叶片和枝条表型多样性和变异特点的研究，为梨种质资源描述的规范化和标准化、梨资源的保存及核心种质的构建提供数据基础和理论依据，促进梨种质资源的高效利用。【方法】采用“梨种质资源描述规范和数据标准”中提供的方法对“国家果树种质兴城梨、苹果圃”内保存的梨13个种548份资源的叶片和枝条23个表型性状进行数据采集及整理。使用SPSS19.0软件分析梨叶片和枝条表型性状的分布频率、变异系数、Simpson指数、Shannon-weaver指数、相关性和主成分，分析比较梨种群内和种群间多样性；采用Origin 8.0软件绘制梨各数值型性状分布直方图，进行分级评价并选取参照品种；采用MEGA 5.0软件对脆肉梨和软肉梨进行聚类分析。【结果】字符型的15个性状分析表明，梨叶片以卵圆形、叶基宽楔形、叶尖急尖、锐锯齿带刺芒、叶片伸展状态抱合、叶姿斜向下和绿微显红色幼叶等类型居多，分别占相对应描述符分布频率的90.51%、58.03%、66.97%、81.93%、87.23%、59.27%、86.68%和35.04%；枝条以黄褐色一年生枝、皮孔数量多、叶芽姿态斜生、顶端钝、芽托中和花芽无茸毛等类型居多，分别占相对应描述符分布频率的87.23%、78.28%、87.96%、83.76%、73.91%和99.27%；其中幼叶颜色和叶基形状的Shannon-weaver指数较高，分别为2.197和1.597。数值型的8个性状分析表明，叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长度、一年生枝长度、一年生枝粗度、节间长度、花芽长度和花芽粗度的平均变异系数分别为17.25%、19.04%、20.06%、23.70%、15.08%、19.33%、20.62%和16.66%；根据分布统计分析，对每个性状分别提出了5级数值分级指标与参照品种；综合相关性分析和主成分分析，8个数值型性状可简化为一年生枝长度、花芽长度、叶片宽度和叶柄长度4个主要性状；梨叶片和枝条8个数值型性状在种群内和种群间差异均达到极显著水平，种群内和种群间表型分化系数VST分别为41.10%和58.90%。聚类分析233个脆肉梨地方品种可划分为12类，87个软肉型秋子梨可划分为6类，西南地区的梨资源在多个类群中均有分布。【结论】梨种质资源叶片和枝条表型性状多样性丰富，字符型性状中幼叶颜色和叶基形状的多样性指数较高，数值型性状中一年生枝长度和花芽长度的变异系数较高，更能体现梨品种间的差异。梨叶片和枝条种群间变异高于种群内变异，种群间的变异是其主要变异来源。筛选出5个数值型性状可作为梨枝条和叶片的综合评价指标。

关键词: 梨, 种质资源, 枝条, 叶片, 表型性状, 多样性

Abstract: 【Objective】The study on the diversity and variation of current-year twig and leaf phenotypic traits of pear germplasm resources was conducted in order to provide valuable basic data and theory foundation for normalization, standardization, preservation and construction of pear core collections, and to promote the efficient utilization of pear germplasm resources.【Method】Data were collected for 23 phenotypic parameters of current-year twig and leaf from 548 accessions of 13 Pyrus species preserved in National Germplasm Repository of Apple and Pear according to the method described in Descriptors and Data Standard for Pear (Pyrus spp.) methods. The distribution frequency, coefficient of variation, Simpson index, Shannon-weaver index, correlation and principal component analysis of pear current-year twig and leaf were analyzed using the SPSS19.0 software, and the intraspecific and interspecific genetic diversities of pear were also analyzed and compared. The frequency distributions of quantitative characters were analyzed by Origin 8.0. The crisp-fleshed and soft-fleshed pears were clustered using MEGA 5.0, respectively, according to morphological data.【Result】Analyzing of 15 character traits of pear leaf phenotype showed that 8 out of 15 traits were abundant, namely, ovate shape, wide wedge-shaped base, sharp-acuate apex, serrate on leaf margin with seta, enclasped status of leaf surface, downward latitude of leaf and redish-green young leaf, which accounted for 90.51%, 58.03%, 66.97%, 81.93%, 87.23%, 59.27%, 86.68% and 35.04%, respectively. Regarding the phenotype of current-year twig, which was ample among yellow brown, rich in lenticels, leaf bud slightly held out, obtuse leaf bud apex, size of bud support medium, pubescence on flower bud absent, which accounted for 87.23%, 78.28%, 87.96%, 83.76%, 73.91% and 99.27%, respectively. The Shannon indexes of the color of young leaf and leaf base shape were found to be as high as 2.197 and 1.597, respectively. The analyses of 8 numeric traits indicated that the average coefficient of variation of leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, current-year twig length, twig thickness, internode length, length of flower bud and thickness of flower bud was 17.25%, 19.04%, 20.06%, 23.70%, 15.08%, 19.33%, 20.62% and 16.66%, respectively. Reference cultivars and 5 groups of each trait were proposed based on the statistical analysis of frequency distribution of numeric traits of current-year twig and leaf. Eight numeric traits, including current-year twig, length of flower bud, leaf width and petiole length, were put forward as comprehensive assessment indexes according to the results of correlation and principal component analyses. There were significant differences in 8 pear numeric traits of current-year twig and leaf among and within populations, while phenotypic differentiation coefficient (VST) of intraspecies and interspecies were 41.10% and 58.90%, respectively. Cluster analysis showed that 233 crisp-fleshed local pear cultivars could be divided into 12 categories and 87 soft-fleshed P. ussuriensis accessions into 6 categories. It was worth mentioning that pear resources which was from southwest China were found in most of the groups.【Conclusion】There were abundant genetic diversity based on the phenotype of current-year twig and leaf of pear. The diversities of character traits of color of young leaf and shape of leaf base were higher than the others. The variation coefficients of numeric traits of current-year twig and length of flower bud were also more obvious than the others. These 4 traits can therefore reflect the differences among pear varieties. The variation in pear germplasm resources based on twig and leaf phenotype traits among populations was higher than within populations, suggesting that the variation among populations was the main variation source. Finally, 5 numeric traits were selected to be as the important comprehensive evaluation indexes used for pear germplasm resources.

Key words: pear, germplasm resources, twig, leaf, phenotypic trait, diversity

张莹，曹玉芬，霍宏亮，徐家玉，田路明，董星光，齐丹，张小双，刘超，王立东. 基于枝条和叶片表型性状的梨种质资源多样性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(17): 3353-3369.

ZHANG Ying, CAO YuFen, HUO HongLiang, XU JiaYu, TIAN LuMing, DONG XingGuang, QI Dan, ZHANG XiaoShuang, LIU Chao, WANG LiDong. Diversity of Pear Germplasm Resources Based on Twig and Leaf Phenotypic Traits[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(17): 3353-3369.

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