陕西灌区高产春玉米物质生产与氮素积累特性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探明陕西灌区高产春玉米栽培下干物质积累和氮素吸收的动态特征，为陕西春玉米高产栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】以高产玉米品种陕单609为材料，设置普通大田栽培、高产栽培和超高产栽培3个栽培处理，于2013—2015年在陕西灌溉春玉米试验站进行试验，研究分析玉米产量等级群体的干物质积累、氮素吸收、叶面积指数与SPAD值、产量构成特性。【结果】普通大田栽培、高产栽培和超高产栽培下玉米籽粒平均产量分别为11.1、13.1和16.1 t·hm^-2，与普通大田栽培（对照）比，高产栽培和超高产栽培下籽粒产量增加18.0%和45.1%；穗粒数和千粒重低于对照，而单位面积穗数极显著高于对照，单位面积较多穗数，是玉米高产潜力的关键。高产栽培和超高产栽培下群体收获指数也显著高于普通大田栽培。高产和超高产栽培群体干物质和氮素积累量较对照增加18.5%、41.8%和20.5%、24.5%。春玉米吐丝后，高产和超高产栽培群体干物质量对籽粒产量贡献率较对照提高10.0%和20.1%；氮素积累量对籽粒氮贡献率较对照提高30.2%和61.6%。相关分析显示，干物质量和氮素积累量与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关（r=0.998；r=0.927）。春玉米花后，高产栽培和超高产栽培下叶面积指数和SPAD值显著高于普通大田。【结论】与普通大田栽培和高产栽培相比，超高产栽培显著提高了春玉米吐丝后生物量积累和氮素积累量，及其对籽粒的贡献率。维持叶片较强的光合生产能力，是其实现春玉米高产的生理基础。在陕西灌区春玉米生产中，在筛选耐密品种的基础上增加种植密度、强化氮肥分次追施，保证高产玉米吐丝后期对氮素的需求，实现春玉米高产。

关键词: 春玉米, 高产栽培, 物质生产, 氮素积累, 籽粒产量

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this paper is to study the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in high-yielding spring maize under irrigated conditions of Shaanxi in order to realize high and stable yield in this area. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted by different agronomic managements with the high-yielding variety shandan609 as materials from 2013 to 2015. High yielding cultivations were practiced, and then the yield and yield component, LAI, SPAD, characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation were analyzed based on the maize high-yielding cultivation. 【Result】The average yields under farmers’ practice, higher yielding cultivation, super high yielding cultivation were 11.1, 13.1 and 16.1 t·hm^-2, respectively, and 18.0% and 45.1% higher than those of control. Compared with the control, the higher yielding and super high-yielding cultivation had lower kernels per ear and thousand-kernel weights, but produced more ear number per hectare. More ears were the key to achieve maize high yield potential. The harvest indexes of higher yielding and super high-yielding cultivation were higher than that of farmers’ practice. Similarly, compared with the control, the higher yielding and super high-yielding cultivation showed more dry matter and nitrogen accumulation from silking to maturity and at maturity. In the super high-yielding cultivation, 41.8% greater dry matter production and 24.5% more nitrogen uptake after silking contributed 20.1% more to grain yield and 61.6% to grain nitrogen. Compared with the control, the higher yielding and super high-yielding cultivation also significantly increased LAI and SPAD values after silking. Grain yield was highly correlated with post-silking dry matter accumulation (r=0.988), and post-silking nitrogen accumulation (r=0.927). 【Conclusion】The results indicate that higher grain yield can be achieved by using integrated and optimized cultivation techniques under irrigated conditions of Shaanxi. The super high-yielding cultivation of spring maize has stronger photosynthetic potential, more dry matter and nitrogen accumulation (especially post-silking) and post-silking dry matter and nitrogen accumulation contributing to grain yield, thus providing a basis for production of super high-yield maize. The present study highlighted the benefits of integrating nutrient and agronomic management with matching the supply and demand of nitrogen to achieve maize high yield under irrigated conditions of Shaanxi.

Key words: spring maize, high yielding cultivation, dry matter production, nitrogen accumulation, grain yield

张仁和，王博新，杨永红，杨晓军，马向峰，张兴华，郝引川，薛吉全. 陕西灌区高产春玉米物质生产与氮素积累特性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(12): 2238-2246.

ZHANG RenHe, WANG BoXin, YANG YongHong, YANG XiaoJun, MA XiangFeng, HANG XingHua, HAO YinChuan, XUE JiQuan. Characteristics of Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation for High-Yielding Maize Production Under Irrigated Conditions of Shaanxi[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(12): 2238-2246.

0
/ / 推荐

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.12.005

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2017/V50/I12/2238

参考文献

[1] 路海东, 薛吉全, 马国胜, 郝引川, 张仁和, 马向峰. 陕西榆林春玉米高产田土壤理化性状及根系分布. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(4): 895-900.

Lu H D, Xue J Q, Ma G S, Hao Y C, Zhang R H, Ma X F. Soil physical and chemical properties and root distribution in high yielding spring maize fields in Yulin of shaanxi province. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(4): 895-900. (in Chinese)

[2] 陈国平, 高聚林, 赵明, 董树亭, 李少昆, 杨祁峰, 刘永红, 王立春, 薛吉全, 柳京国, 李潮海, 王永宏, 王友德, 宋慧欣, 赵久然. 近年我国玉米超高产田的分布、产量构成及关键技术. 作物学报, 2012, 38(1): 80-85.

Chen G P, Gao J L, Zhao M, Dong S T, Li S K, Yang Q F, Liu Y H, Wang L C, Xue J Q, Liu J G, Li C H, Wang Y H, Wang Y D, Song H X, Zhao J R. Analysis on distribution, yield structure and key culture techniques of maize super-high yield plots in recent years. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2012, 38(1): 80-85. (in Chinese)

[3] Tollenaar M, Lee E A. Strategies for enhancing grain yield in maize. Plant Breeding Reviewer, 2011, 34: 37-82.

[4] Duvick D N. Genetic progress in yield of United States maize (Zea mays L.). Maydica, 2005, 50(3): 193-202.

[5] Meng Q F, Hou P, Wu L, Chen X P, Cui Z L, Zhang R S. Understanding production potentials and yields gaps in intensive maize production in China. Field Crops Research, 2013, 143(1): 91-97.

[6] Chen X P, Cui Z L, Vitousek P M, Cassman K G, Matson P A, Bai J S, Meng Q F, Hou P, Yue S C, Romheld V. Integrated soil-crop system management for food security. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 108(16): 6399-6404.

[7] Luque S F, Cirilo A G, Otegui M E. Genetic gains in grain yield and related physiological attributes in Argentine maize hybrids. Field Crops Research, 2006, 95(2/3): 383-397.

[8] Liu J L, Zhan A, Bu L D, Zhu L, Luo S S, Chen X P, Cui Z L, Li S Q, Robert L H, Zhao Y. Understanding dry matter and nitrogen accumulation for high-yielding film-mulched maize. Agronomy Journal, 2014, 106(2): 390-396.

[9] Ning P, Li S, Yu P, Zhang Y, Li C J. Post-silking accumulation and partitioning of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in maize varieties in leaf longevity. Field Crops Research, 2013, 144: 19-27.

[10] Zhao J, Yang X G, Lin X M, Gretchen F S, Dai S W, LÜ S, Chen X C, Chen F J, Mi G H. Radiation interception and use efficiency contribution to higher yields of maize hybrids in northeast China. Agronomy Journal, 2015, 107(4): 1473-1480.

[11] Yan P, Yue S C, Qiu M L, Chen X P, Cui Z L, Chen F J. Using maize hybrids and in-season nitrogen managenment to improve grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration. Field Crops Research, 2014, 166(9): 38-45.

[12] Severini A D, Borrds L, Westgate M E, Cirilo A G. Kernel number and kernel weight determination in dent and popcorn maize. Field Crops Research, 2011, 120(3): 360-369.

[13] Racjan I, Tollenaar M. Source-sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize II. Nitrogen metabolism during grain filling. Field Crops Research, 1999, 60(3): 255-265.

[14] Tollenaar M, Lee E A. Dissection of physiplogical processes underlying grain yield in maize by examining genetic improvement and heterosis. Maydica, 2006, 51: 399-408.

[15] Echarte L, Rotnstein S, Tollenaar M. Response of leaf photosythesis and dry matter accumulation to nitrogen supply in old and a new maize hybrids. Crop Science, 2008, 48(2): 656-665.

[16] Egli D B. Is there a role for sink size in understanding maize population-yield relationship? Crop Science, 2015, 55(6): 2453-2462.

[17] Ma B L, Dwyer L M, Gregorich E G. Soil nitrogen amendment effects on nitrogen uptake and grain yield of maize. Agronomy Journal, 1999, 91(4): 650-656.

[18] 张玉芹, 杨恒山, 高聚林, 张瑞富, 王志刚, 徐寿军, 范秀艳, 杨升辉. 超高产春玉米冠层结构及其生理特性. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44(21): 4367-4376.

Zhang Y Q, Yang H S, Gao J L, Zhang R F, Wang Z G, Xu S J, Fan X Y, Yang S H. Study on canopy structure and physiological characteristics of super-high yield spring maize. Scientia Agricutural Sinica, 2011, 44(21): 4367-4376. (in Chinese)

[19] 杨恒山, 张玉芹, 徐寿军, 李国红, 高聚林, 王志刚. 超高产春玉米干物质及养分积累转运特征. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18(2): 315-323.

Yang H S, Zhang Y Q, Xu S J, Li G H, Gao J L, Wang Z G. Study on canopy structure and physiological characteristics of super-high yield spring maize. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2012, 18(2): 315-323. (in Chinese )

[20] Cox M C, Qualset C O, Rains D W. Genetic variation for nitrogen assimilation and translocation in wheat: I. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation to grain. Crop Science, 1985, 25(3): 430-435.

[21] Moll R H, Kamprath E J, Jackson W A. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal, 1982, 74(3): 562-564.

[22] Chen X C, Chen F J, Chen Y L, Gao Q, Yang X L, Yuan L X, Zhang F S, Mi G H. Morden maize hybrids in Northeast China exhibit increased yield potential and resource use efficiency despite adverse climate change. Globe Change Biology, 2013,19(3): 923-936.

[23] Duvick D N, Cassman K G. Post-green revolution trends in yield potential of temperate maize in the North-central United States. Crop Science, 1999, 39(6): 1622-1630.

[24] Seebauer J R, Singletary G W, Krumpelman P M, Ruffo M L, Below F E. Relationship of source and sink in determining kernel composition of maize. Journal of Experiment Botany, 2010, 61(2): 511-519.

[25] 董树亭. 玉米生态生理与产量品质形成. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006.

Dong S T. Eco-Physiology and Formation of Yield and Quality in Maize. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006. (in Chinese)

[26] Worku M, Banziger M, Erley G S A, Friesen D, Diallo A O, Horst W J. Nitrogen uptake and utilization in contrasting nitrogen efficiency tropical maize hybrids. Crop Science, 2007, 47(2): 519-528.

[27] He P, Osaki M, Takebe M, Shinano T. Changes of photosynthetic characteristics in relation to leaf senescence in two maize hybrids with different senescent appearance. Photosynthetica, 2002, 40(4): 547-552.

[28] 王宜伦, 李潮海, 谭金芳, 张许, 刘天学. 氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37(2): 339-372.

Wang Y L, Li C H, Tan J F, Zhang X, Liu T X. Effect of postponing N application on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization in super-high-yield summer maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(2): 339-372. (in Chinese)

[29] Hou P, Gao Q, Xie R Z, Li S K, Meng Q F, Ernest A K, Volker R, Torsten M, Zhang F S, Cui Z L, Chen X P. Grain yields in relation to N requirement: Optimizing nitrogen management for spring maize growth in China. Field Crops Research, 2012, 129(1): 1-6.

[30] 张仁和, 郭东伟, 路海东, 张兴华, 李凤艳, 郝引川, 薛吉全. 吐丝期干旱胁迫对玉米生理特性和物质生产的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38(10): 1884-1890.

Zhang R H, Guo D W, Lu H D, Zhang X H, Li F Y, Hao Y C, Xue J Q. Effects of drought stress on physiological characteristics and dry matter production in maize silking stage. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2012, 38(10): 1884-1890. (in Chinese)

[31] 王楷, 王克如, 王永宏, 赵健, 赵如浪, 李健, 梁明晰, 李少昆. 密度对玉米产量及其产量构成因子的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(16): 3437-3445.

Wang K, Wang K R, Wang Y H, Zhao J, Zhao R L, Li J, Liang M X, Li S K. Effects of density on maize yield and yield components. Scientia Agricutural Sinica, 2012, 45(16): 3437-3445. (in Chinese)

[32] Ciampitti I A, Vyn T J. A comprehensive study of plant density consequences on nitrogen uptake dynamics of maize plant from vegetative to reproductive stages. Field Crops Research, 2011, 121(1): 2-18.

[33] 叶优良, 黄玉芳, 刘春生, 曲日涛, 宋海燕, 崔振岭. 氮素实时管理对夏玉米产量和氮素利用的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37(1): 152-157.

Ye Y L, Huang Y F, Liu C S, Qu R T, Song H Y, Cui Z L. Effect of in-season nitrogen management strategy on maize grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(1): 152-157. (in Chinese )

[34] Ciampitti I A, Camberato J J, Murrell S T, Vyn T J. Maize nutrient accunulation and partitioning in response to plant density and nitrogen rate: I. Macronutrients. Agronomy Journal, 2013, 105(3): 783-795.