高密度种植条件下春玉米氮素的需求规律与适宜施氮量

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究高密度（75 000株/hm²）种植条件下，东北中部春玉米群体氮素需求规律与分配特征，及其对氮肥运筹的响应，以制定高密度群体玉米的氮素管理措施。【方法】试验于2011—2012年在吉林省公主岭市中国农业科学院作物科学研究所试验田进行，以先玉335为供试材料，在大田条件下设置了5个氮肥施用水平（不施氮（N1），70%推荐施氮量（N2），推荐施氮（N3），130%推荐施氮量（N4），高量施氮（N5）），结合高产栽培管理模式，通过两年田间定点试验，系统监测了不同生育时期植株干物质和养分在各器官中的累积与分配特征，并研究了氮肥施用水平对玉米产量、氮素转运效率的影响。【结果】不同氮肥处理间产量、生物量和氮累积量差异显著，且氮肥处理与年际间交互作用显著；玉米籽粒产量随施氮量的增加呈现单峰曲线变化，以N3处理下产量最高，产量差异主要来自穗粒数和千粒重；春玉米干物质累积随生育进程呈现先快后慢的累积动态，合理的氮肥施用可以提高籽粒的累积量和氮素转运效率，是其增产的重要基础，处理间以N3处理籽粒所占总干物质比重最高；N3处理下吐丝后氮素累积比例显著高于其他4个处理，这表明合理的氮肥运筹可能更有助于植株生育后期对氮素的吸收；通过两年定点试验数据拟合，建立了产量与施氮量的一元二次回归方程y = -0.1715x² + 79.73x + 3940.1（R²=0.963）；计算得出最佳经济施肥量为225.1 kg·hm^-2。【结论】合理的氮肥运筹显著提升植株干物质向籽粒中转移，并增加吐丝期后植株氮素的吸收和转运能力；在东北中部黑土区中等土壤肥力条件下，基于75 000株/hm²的种植密度，春玉米氮肥施用量可根据品种及肥力特征在225 kg·hm^-2左右进行微调。

关键词: 春玉米, 籽粒产量, 高密度, 施氮量

Abstract: 【Objective】This research aims to evaluate requirement characteristics of spring maize and the response to nitrogen application rate at the middle region of Northeast, so as to make reasonable nitrogen management of spring maize with high planting density (75 000 plant/hm²). 【Method】The field experiment was conducted in 2011-2012 at the station of Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Gongzhuling of Jilin province. The hybrid “Xianyu335” was used as research materials. Five nitrogen application rates (No nitrogen N1, 70% optimized nitrogen N2, optimized nitrogen N3, 130% optimized nitrogen N4, high nitrogen N5) were set under the field conditions with the high grain yield management. The characteristics of accumulation and distribution of biomass and nitrogen in different organs of plants were monitored during the growth period. And the influence of grain yield and nitrogen translocation efficiency was studied in different nitrogen application rates. 【Result】There was a significant difference in grain yield, biomass, and nitrogen accumulation among the nitrogen application rates. The interaction between nitrogen application rates and years was also significant. The grain yield showed an odd peak curve with the nitrogen application rates and the highest grain yield was obtained in N3 treatment. The kernel numbers and 1000-kernel weight were the main contribution. The nitrogen accumulation in grain and nitrogen translocation efficiency were improved under reasonable nitrogen application condition, which was the important basis for the high grain yield. The percentage of grain within biomass was the highest in N3 treatment, and the percentage of nitrogen accumulation after silking stage was higher than that of other treatments. These results indicated that reasonable nitrogen management probably helped to the nitrogen uptake after silking stage. The quadratic equation between grain yield and nitrogen application rate was developed on the basis of two years field experiments, and the equation is y=-0.1715x²+ 79.73x+3940.1, R²=0.963. The optimum economy fertilizing quantity was 225.1 kg·hm^-2. 【Conclusion】The translocation of biomass to grain was improved under reasonable nitrogen application condition, which also help to improve nitrogen uptake and translocation efficiency. Based on the moderate fertility black soil and the 75 000 plant/hm² planting density for spring maize in the middle region of Northeast, the nitrogen application rate can be adjusted to around 225 kg·hm^-2according to the soil fertility and hybrids.

Key words: spring maize, grain yield, high planting density, nitrogen application rate

蔡红光，袁静超，刘剑钊，闫孝贡，张洪喜，梁尧，任军. 高密度种植条件下春玉米氮素的需求规律与适宜施氮量[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11): 1995-2005.

CAI HongGuang, YUAN JingChao, LIU JianZhao, YAN XiaoGong, ZHANG HongXi, LIANG Yao, REN Jun. Optimal Nitrogen Application Rate and Nitrogen Requirement Characteristics in Spring Maize Under High Planting Density Condition[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11): 1995-2005.

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