氮肥管理和秸秆腐熟剂对15N标记玉米秸秆氮有效性与去向的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.14.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究氮肥用量、有机无机配合和添加秸秆腐熟剂对秸秆氮当季有效性、后效及去向的影响，为秸秆还田条件下的氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】运用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术，采用盆栽试验连续种植一季冬小麦和两茬玉米，研究¹⁵N标记玉米秸秆（¹⁵N-秸秆）氮的生物有效性和对土壤氮库的贡献。试验推荐施氮量210 kg N·hm^-2，约0.1 g N·kg^-1土，秸秆粉碎后按3.0 g·kg^-1土掺入每盆中。设4个氮水平：不施氮；100%化肥氮；80%化肥氮；有机无机配施（80%化肥氮＋20%腐熟猪粪氮）。各施氮水平下设添加和不添加秸秆腐熟剂2种情况，腐熟剂用量为0.1 g·kg^-1土。【结果】冬小麦吸氮量来自¹⁵N-秸秆氮的比例（%Ndfs）为6.30%—14.25%，施氮比不施氮减少%Ndfs，有机无机配施比单施氮肥提高%Ndfs，添加腐熟剂不影响冬小麦的%Ndfs。第一茬和第二茬玉米吸收氮的%Ndfs分别为1.13%—3.73%和1.67%—5.97%，不施氮高于施氮处理，施氮处理间无显著差异，添加腐熟剂降低%Ndfs。冬小麦对¹⁵N-秸秆氮的当季利用率为7.14%—10.32%，第一茬玉米和第二茬玉米对残留¹⁵N-秸秆的利用率分别为3.75%—5.51%和2.28%—3.18%。三茬后作物对¹⁵N-秸秆氮的利用率为13.13%—18.60%，土壤残留率55.63%—69.16%，损失率17.26%—26.09%。三茬中施氮比不施氮提高¹⁵N-秸秆氮的利用率，不同氮肥管理不影响当季利用率和第二茬后效，氮肥减量（80%推荐氮）降低¹⁵N-秸秆氮第一茬后效和总利用率，但若配施有机肥则提高利用率。添加腐熟剂提高¹⁵N-秸秆氮当季、第一茬玉米和三茬总利用率，降残留率和损失率。冬小麦和两茬玉米收获后土壤矿质氮和微生物量氮含量变化较大，但其来源于¹⁵N-秸秆氮的比例都小于3%，施氮处理的影响不明显，而添加腐熟剂增加冬小麦和第一茬玉米收获后土壤矿质氮%Ndfs，减少土壤微生物量氮%Ndfs，不影响第二茬玉米收获后土壤矿质氮和微生物量氮%Ndfs。三茬收获后残留的¹⁵N-秸秆氮中矿质氮和微生物量氮也小于3%，说明残留在土壤中的¹⁵N-秸秆氮主要以有机态氮存在。【结论】在秸秆还田条件下，采用化肥氮与有机肥氮配施并结合施用秸秆腐熟剂是提高秸秆氮素转化和有效性的有效措施。

关键词: 玉米秸秆, 秸秆腐熟剂, 氮肥管理, 氮素有效性, ¹⁵N

Abstract: 【Objective】The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of rate of nitrogen fertilization, fertilizer N combined with manure N and straw microbial inoculants on the transformation and bioavailability of nitrogen (N) from crop straw for providing scientific information and guidelines on N management under straw returning conditions. 【Method】Pot experiments were carried out using ¹⁵N isotope techniques by continuously planting one season of winter wheat and two seasons of corn to study N availability from ¹⁵N labeled corn straw (¹⁵N-straw) and its contribution to plant and soil. The recommended N rate was 210 kg N·hm^-2, equivalent to 0.1 g N·kg^-1 soil. The crushed straw was incorporated into each pot at the rate of 3.0 g·kg^-1 soil. There were four N levels: control without N (CK), 100% fertilizer N, 80% fertilizer N and 80% fertilizer N plus 20% manure N. Each above treatment had two levels of microbial inoculants: 0 and 0.1 g·kg^-1 soil. A total of eight treatments with four replications for each were designed. 【Result】The percentage of N derived from ¹⁵N-straw (%Ndfs) in winter wheat plant was 6.30% to 14.25%, reduced by N application compared with CK. Combination of fertilizer N and manure N resulted in higher winter wheat %Ndfs than fertilizer N alone. Addition of microbial inoculants did not significantly influence winter wheat %Ndfs compared with treatments without microbial inoculants. The %Ndfs in the following 1st and 2nd corn plant was, respectively, 1.13% to 3.73% and 1.67% to 5.97%, reduced by N application but no difference existed between N treatments. Addition of microbial inoculants reduced corn plant %Ndfs from residual ¹⁵N-straw. Recovery of ¹⁵N (RE_N) from ¹⁵N-straw by winter wheat was 7.14% to 10.32%, while the residual RE_N from ¹⁵N-straw by the 1st and 2nd following corn was 3.75% to 5.51% and 2.28% to 3.18%, respectively. Total of 13.13% to 18.60% of ¹⁵N-straw N was recovered, 55.63% to 69.16% remained in soil and 17.26% to 26.09% lost after three times of cropping. N application increased RE_N compared with CK. N management did not influence RE_N from ¹⁵N-straw by winter wheat and the 2^nd corn, but 80% recommended fertilizer N decreased RE_N by the 1st corn and three crops, while increased when applied with manure. Addition of microbial inoculants significantly improved RE_Nfrom ¹⁵N-straw by winter wheat and the 1st season corn and total of three cropping, reduced residual and loss of N from ¹⁵N-straw. The content of mineral N (N_min) and microbial biomass N (MBN) after crop harvests varied greatly, but the %Ndfs in N_min and MBN was all less than 3% which was not greatly influenced by N fertilizer management. While, addition of microbial inoculants increased %Ndfs in soil N_min as well as decreased %Ndfs in soil MBN after winter wheat and 1st corn，but no effect after 2nd corn. The percentage of remained ¹⁵N-straw in N_min and MBN after three crops was less than 3%, suggesting that the remained ¹⁵N-straw N in soil after three cropping was in organic form. 【Conclusion】Combination of chemical fertilizer N with manure N and addition of microbial inoculants is the recommended practice to increase N availability of straw under the conditions of straw returning to field.

Key words: corn straw, straw microbial inoculants, N management, N availability, ¹⁵N-labeled

丁文成，李书田，黄绍敏. 氮肥管理和秸秆腐熟剂对¹⁵N标记玉米秸秆氮有效性与去向的影响

[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(14): 2725-2736.

DING Wen-cheng, LI Shu-tian, HUANG Shao-min. Bioavailability and Fate of Nitrogen from ¹⁵N-labeled Corn Straw as Affected by Nitrogen Management and Straw Microbial Inoculants[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(14): 2725-2736.

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氮肥管理和秸秆腐熟剂对¹⁵N标记玉米秸秆氮有效性与去向的影响

Bioavailability and Fate of Nitrogen from ¹⁵N-labeled Corn Straw as Affected by Nitrogen Management and Straw Microbial Inoculants

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