长期施用含氯化肥对稻-麦轮作体系土壤生物肥力的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.04.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】氯是植物必需的微量营养元素，但是含氯化肥（氯化钾和氯化铵）中氯离子含量和盐指数都较高，关于长期施用含氯化肥对土壤肥力影响的研究较少，尤其对土壤生物肥力的影响未见报道。论文旨在明确长期施用含氯化肥土壤微生物群落结构和酶活性的变化，探明含氯化肥对土壤生物肥力的影响机理，为含氯化肥的科学施用和土壤肥力的保育提供依据。【方法】利用已开展22年的紫色土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验，采集含氯处理（含氯化肥配合稻草还田，(NPK)Cl+S）与不含氯处理（NPK+S）、以及不施肥对照（CK）和单施化肥（NPK）的土壤，采用磷脂脂肪酸法（PLFA）研究土壤微生物群落结构，并分析含氯化肥对土壤微生物量、种类及土壤酶活性和作物产量的影响。【结果】长期施用含氯化肥显著降低了土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性，与等养分的不含氯处理（NPK+S）相比，含氯化肥(NPK)Cl+S稻季土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性分别降低为不含氯处理（NPK+S）的35.7%、18.0%、69.8%，麦季土壤分别降低为不含氯处理的31.6%、24.5%、75.6%。主成分分析表明，脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶作为土壤生物活性的综合评价指标优于酸性和中性磷酸酶、硝酸盐还原酶。PLFA分析表明，含氯处理微生物量和种类最低，比等养分不含氯处理PLFA生物量降低24.7%，比对照降低43.2%；施用含氯化肥显著影响了土壤微生物的组成及数量，G+细菌显著降低，对真菌和放线菌影响较小；微生物种群量的减少与含氯处理土壤pH降低和酶活性下降有关。长期施用含氯化肥作物产量有降低的趋势，含氯处理比等养分的不含氯处理水稻季产量和周年产量22年平均下降6.8%、3.3%。【结论】长期施用双氯化肥（氯化钾和氯化铵）引起了土壤微生物群落结构改变及土壤生物活性降低，并表现出一定的减产趋势。建议不要长期施用双氯化肥，尤其要避免长期施用氯离子含量高的氯化铵。

关键词: 含氯化肥, 土壤酶活性, 微生物群落, 稻麦产量, 长期定位试验

Abstract: 【Objective】 Chlorine (Cl) is an essential mineral element for plant growth, although Cl-containing fertilizers (such as ammonia chloride and potassium chloride) have a high concentration of Cl^? and a salt index that may be toxic to plants. Little information was currently known about the effect of long-term application of Cl-containing fertilizer on crop yield, soil fertility, and especially on soil biological fertility. Therefore, it was meaningful to explore the mechanism of the effect of the soil fertility on the soil biological fertility and the quantitative application of Cl-containing fertilizer’s impact on crop yield as well as improving soil fertility. 【Method】 Based on a 23-year field experiment in national monitoring station of soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency on purple soils, soil samples from treatments with no fertilizer (CK), applications of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizer (NPK), applications of NPK together with rice straw return (NPK+S), and applications of Cl-containing NPK fertilizer with rice straw return ((NPK)Cl+S) were collected to study the soil microbiological community structure by the PLFA method, soil enzyme activities, and crop yield. 【Result】 Results showed that the long-term application of Cl-containing fertilizer ((NPK)Cl+S) reduced activities of urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase by 35.7%, 18.0%, and 69.8% the in rice cropping season and by 31.6%, 24.5%, and 75.6% in the wheat cropping season, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase were more representative than acidic, neutral phosphatase, and nitrate reductase as a comprehensive evaluation index. PLFA analysis showed that both the microbiological number and the abundance of (NPK)Cl+S treatments was the lowest, The biomass decreased 24.7% with NPK+S treatments relatively and a 43.2% reduction compared with the control. Chlorine fertilizer applications significantly affected the composition and quantity of microorganisms. The major behaviors are gram positive bacteria that may be relative to soil acidification and decline of soil enzyme activities. It’s also noted that (NPK)Cl+S treatments had a tendency to decrease crop yield. For example, rice and annual yield were decreased by 6.8% and 3.3% in average over 22 years. 【Conclusion】 Overuse of chloride containing fertilizer by applying ammonia chloride and potassium chloride together resulted in acidification of neutral purple soil, and then changed the soil microbial community and had the tendency to decrease soil biological fertility together with a declining rice yield. Thus we suggested not using two kinds of Cl-containing fertilizers together, especially for ammonia chloride which already has a high concentration of Cl^- and salt index.

Key words: chloride-containing fertilizer, soil enzyme activity, microbial community, rice and wheat yield, long-term experiment

杨林生，张宇亭，黄兴成，张跃强，赵亚南，石孝均. 长期施用含氯化肥对稻-麦轮作体系土壤生物肥力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(4): 686-694.

YANG Lin-sheng, ZHANG Yu-ting, HUANG Xing-cheng, ZHANG Yue-qiang, ZHAO Ya-nan, SHI Xiao-jun. Effects of Long-Term Application of Chloride Containing Fertilizers on the Biological Fertility of Purple Soil Under a Rice-Wheat Rotation System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(4): 686-694.

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