中国南方水稻土酸化演变特征及影响因素

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.23.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】明确中国南方水稻土酸化特征及主要影响因素，为防控水稻土酸化提供理论依据。【方法】选择中国南方江苏、湖南、广东、广西、四川和云南6个省份（自治区）的20个水稻土长期定位监测点，统计分析水稻土pH演变特征及阶段性变化规律，并探讨施肥量及土壤氮素含量对水稻土酸化的影响。【结果】1988—2013年25年间中国南方水稻土显著酸化，土壤pH下降0.59个单位，平均每年下降0.023个单位。水稻土酸化具有明显的阶段性特征，起始的14年中水稻土pH急速下降，平均每年可下降0.051个单位；近10年间，土壤pH趋于平稳。增施化肥特别是化学氮肥可导致水稻土酸化，二者与土壤pH均呈显著负相关关系（P＜0.01），由此推算出化学氮肥每增施100 kg·hm^-2，水稻土pH可下降0.65个单位。减少有机肥的施用也可引起水稻土酸化，有机肥施用量与土壤pH之间呈显著正相关关系，有机肥每减少100 kg·hm^-2，水稻土pH下降0.51个单位。土壤全氮及碱解氮含量与pH间均呈极显著负相关关系，土壤全氮和碱解氮含量每增加100 mg·kg^-1，水稻土pH约下降0.1个单位。【结论】在过去25年间，中国南方水稻土显著酸化，酸化具有明显的阶段性特征，施肥初期土壤pH显著降低。减少化学氮肥的施用和增施有机肥是控制水稻土酸化的重要措施。

关键词: 水稻土, 酸化, 长期施肥, 氮肥, 土壤pH

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this research was to illustrate evolution characteristics of acidification in paddy soil of southern China and to understand the main reasons of soil acidification, which will help farmers to reduce and control soil acidification rate in these areas by rational fertilization. 【Method】We collected monitoring data from 20 sites located in Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan Province in southern China to evaluate soil acidification characteristics of paddy soils and to analyze cause for soil acidification.【Result】Significant soil acidification was observed in paddy soils from 1988 to 2013 with the acidification of decreasing 0.59 pH of soils and average rate of 0.023 pH unit/a. There was phased characteristic of paddy soil acidification. Paddy soils average pH declined significantly during first 14 years with an average pH rate of 0.051pH unit/a. And there was no significant soil acidification in last 10 years. Further, increasing chemical nitrogen (N) rate leaded to paddy soil serious acidification. There was a negative correlation between the chemical fertilizer rate, chemical N rate and soil pH value. Soil pH of paddy soils declined 0.65 unit with chemical N rate increasing every 100 kg·hm^-2. Decreasing organic fertilizer rate accelerated paddy soil acidification significantly. Soil pH of paddy soils decreasing 0.51 was observed with each reducing 100 kg·hm^-2 of organic fertilizer application. Soil total N and available N contents have negative correlations with soil pH value, which soil pH decline about 0.1 with more 100 mg·kg^-1 of soil total N and available N.【Conclusion】In southern China, paddy soils have significant acidification in last 25 years, and with phased characteristics of soil acidification. Significant acidification was in the earlier 10 years and soil pH is stable in the latest 10 years. Reducing the application rate of chemical nitrogen fertilizers and increasing organic fertilizers, is an effective practices for preventing acidification in paddy soils of southern China.

Key words: paddy soil, soil acidification, long-term fertilization, nitrogen fertilizer, soil pH

周晓阳，周世伟，徐明岗，Colinet Gilles. 中国南方水稻土酸化演变特征及影响因素[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(23): 4811-4817.

ZHOU Xiao-yang, ZHOU Shi-Wei, XU Ming-gang, Colinet Gilles. Evolution Characteristics and Influence Factors of Acidification in Paddy Soil of Southern China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(23): 4811-4817.

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