中国转基因棉花研发应用二十年

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.17.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 转基因技术是指利用重组DNA原理，将优良目的基因整合到靶标生物基因组中，并使靶标生物得以表达目的性状的技术。这一技术克服了生物有性杂交的限制，使物种间基因交流的范围无限扩大，既可以从原核生物到真核生物，也可以从单细胞生物到多细胞生物，还可以从低等生物到高等生物，反之亦然。因此，这项技术自发明以来，即广泛应用于农业、林业、医学等领域，为其研究开辟了一个全新的时代。转基因植物是以农杆菌等为媒介，将来源于动物、植物或微生物等其他生物甚至人工合成的外源基因转入基因组中，使之稳定遗传并赋予其靶标性状，如抗病、抗虫、抗逆、高产、优质等的植物。以1972年构建第一个重组DNA分子为契机，1983年首次获得转基因烟草为起点，植物转基因技术在近30年的时间内发展迅猛，至今已有200多种植物已成功获得转基因株系，40多种数千例转基因植株进入田间试验。根据国际农业生物技术应用咨询服务中心（ISAAA）统计，全球转基因植物的种植面积由1996年的260万hm2已经迅速增到2014年的1.815亿hm2，累计种植面积大约比中国国土总面积还多80%。在全球转基因植物研发和应用迅猛发展的同时，中国也先后批准了7种转基因植物的生产应用，其中，抗虫棉是唯一大规模应用的转基因农作物。从1994年中国研制成功国产单价抗虫棉（GK），以及1995年美国保铃棉进入中国至今，抗虫棉已经在中国推广应用了近20年的时间。文章介绍了这20多年来，中国科学家在抗虫、抗旱耐盐碱、抗除草剂、抗病以及纤维品质改良等性状方面所取得的转基因棉花研究进展；在农杆菌介导、基因枪轰击、花粉管通道介导、茎尖或芽尖转化、农杆菌液浸染和纳米载体花粉介导等不同转化技术上所进行的探索；同时，介绍了中国转基因植物的安全性评价状况，并从抗虫棉品种审定、发展趋势和产业化状况几个方面，介绍了转基因抗虫棉在中国的应用，最后对未来转基因棉花研究方向进行展望。

关键词: 抗虫棉, 转基因, 安全评价, 品种, 产业化

Abstract: Genetic engineering mainly deals with the transfer and expression of functional genes into the targeted genome of an organism to have desired phenotype. This technique has stunned the limitations of sexual hybridization by allowing the transfer of genes among species from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, unicellular to multicellular, lower organisms to higher organisms and Vice versa. This technology has opened the avenues of research, and since its invention scientists are readily using it in the field of agriculture, forestry and medicine. The use of different techniques like agrobacterium mediated transformation has made it possible to transfer different genes to the targeted genomes for deploying the resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses like diseases, insect/pests, drought and salinity as well as for the improvement of yield and quality of plants. Since the birth of first transgenic tobacco in 1983, more than 200 plant species have been used by the researchers for genetic transformation and some thousands of transgenic plants of 40 species are under field trials. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA) has reported the dramatic increase in area under transgenic plant, i.e. 2.6 million hectares in 1996 to 181.5 million hectares in 2014 around the whole globe. The accumulated area of transgenic crops in the world is 80% more than the total land of China. With the global large scale adoption and application of transgenic plants development technology, seven transgenic plants also have been approved by Chinese government for general cultivation. Among these, insect resistant transgenic cotton including series of GK and SGK cotton cultivars developed by the Chinese scientists in 1994 and 1998 respectively, as well as the Boll guard imported from USA in 1995 was the only crop occupying the large cultivated area of China. This paper discussed the course of development of transgenic cotton for resistance against diseases, insects and herbicides as well as for the improvement of fiber yield and quality in China and improved methods of genetic transformation like Agrobacterium mediated, tissue culture, gene gun bombardment, pollen tube pathway, shoot tip, floral-dip and nano-carrier pollen mediated transformations. Finally this paper also discussed the biosafety system regarding the transgenic plants development, Bt cotton seed industry and future prospects of transgenic cotton in China.

Key words: insect resistant cotton, transgene, biosafety evaluation, variety, industrialization

郭三堆，王远，孙国清，金石桥，周焘，孟志刚，张锐. 中国转基因棉花研发应用二十年[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(17): 3372-3387.

GUO San-dui, WANG Yuan, SUN Guo-qing, JIN Shi-qiao, ZHOU Tao, MENG Zhi-gang, ZHANG Rui. Twenty Years of Research and Application of Transgenic Cotton in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(17): 3372-3387.

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