沙漠绿洲灌区甜瓜氮磷钾用量优化模式研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.02.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】为优质甜瓜生产提供科学施肥依据，以挖掘产量潜能，降低生产成本，防止过量施肥造成的环境污染。【方法】连续两年田间试验按氮、磷、钾3因子5水平312-D饱和最优设计方法进行，建立以甜瓜收获后产量、可溶性固形物含量（SSC）和经济效益为目标的肥料效应方程，解析肥料的独立效应与交互效应，确定甜瓜氮磷钾施用量阈值。【结果】相对于不施肥处理（N₀P₀K₀），施肥后甜瓜产量提高了16.42%—65.98%，SSC提高了6.71（2012年）和6.62（2013年）个百分点；在其他两个施肥因子一致时，施氮量由0增加到360 kg·hm^-2，产量分别提高31.23%（2012年）和31.47%（2013年），SSC增加2.89（2012年）和2.46（2013年）个百分点；施磷量由0增加到180 kg·hm^-2，产量提高5.77%（2012年）和7.53%（2013年），SSC提高0.55（2012年）和1.09（2013年）个百分点；施钾量由0增加到90 kg·hm^-2时，产量提高5.51%（2012年）和5.09%（2013年），SSC提高1.37（2012年）和1.69（2013年）个百分点。甜瓜产量、SSC和经济效益随着氮、磷、钾用量的增加而先增加、后降低。对甜瓜产量、SSC和经济效益影响顺序为氮＞钾＞磷。氮磷、氮钾互作对产量、SSC和经济效益影响较为明显，而磷钾互作的影响均不显著；氮磷互作对产量和经济效益为正效应，对SSC不显著；氮钾互作对产量和经济效益为负效应；磷、钾肥含量较低时，增施氮肥对产量、SSC形成抑制作用，较高时氮肥有明显的增效作用。【结论】综合考虑氮磷钾肥对产量、品质和经济效益的影响，绿洲灌区大田甜瓜高产优质高效益的施肥方案为：施氮量260.22—263.64 kg·hm^-2，施磷量133.03—134.08 kg·hm^-2，施钾量87.53—88.52 kg·hm^-2，产量为44 356 kg·hm^-2，SSC 13.61 %，经济效益68 445 yuan/hm²。

关键词: 甜瓜, 沙漠绿洲, 312-D饱和最优设计, 平衡施肥

Abstract: 【Objective】 The purpose of the study was to provide a reasonable fertilization basis for developing yield potential, reducing production costs and preventing environmental pollution from over use of chemical fertilizer.【Method】Two consecutive two-year field experiments of nitrogen(N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers was conducted, by adopting the 312-D optimized saturation design method in the years of 2012 and 2013, and the up relationships between balanced N, P and K fertilization and melon yield, soluble solids content (SSC) and economic benefit parameters of muskmelon were studied.【Result】Compared with no fertilizer treatment, melon yield increased by 16.4%-66.0%, and SSC content increased by 6.7 per cents in 2012 and 6.6 per cents in 2013. At average level in any of the two in the NPK three factors , with N amount increased from 0 to 360 kg·hm^-2, the yield increased by 31.2% in 2012 and 31.5% in 2013, and SSC improved by 2.9 per cents in 2012 and 2.5 per cents in 2013. When P application from 0 to 180 kg·hm^-2, the yield improved by 5.8% in 2012 and 7.5% in 2013, and SSC improved by 0.6 per cents in 2012 and 1.1 per cents in 2013. When K amount increased from 0 to 90 kg·hm^-2, the yield improved by 5.5% in 2012 and 5.1% in 2013, and SSC improved by 1.4 per cents in 2012 and 1.7 per cents in 2013. The yield, SSC and economic benefit increased then decreased as N, P, K rates increased, but the order of its effect on yield and SSC and benefit was followed as N＞K＞P. The interaction effects of N×P and N×K on the yield and economic benefit were obvious but the effect of P×K was not. The N×P played a positive role on the SSC but no effect on SSC. The N×K was negative on yield and benefit but positive on SSC. Applying N prohibited yield and SSC when low P or K amount was used, otherwise the N had an obvious increase role when high N rate was applied. The minimum of fertilizer threshold for SSC was higher for yield, therefore high yield was obtained when an optimized cultivation program was desighed. 【Conclusion】According to the optimal fertilization effect function model and recommendation, the optimal N, P₂O₅ and K₂O rates ranged from 260.2 to 263.6 kg·hm^-2, 133.0 to 134.1 kg·hm^-2, and 87.5 to 88.5 kg·hm^-2, in which muskmelon yield and SSC and benefits were over 43 500 kg·hm^-2, 13% and 68 445 yuan·hm^-2, respectively.

Key words: muskmelon, desert oasis, 312-D saturated optimum design, balanced fertilization

薛亮，马忠明，杜少平. 沙漠绿洲灌区甜瓜氮磷钾用量优化模式研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(2): 303-313.

XUE Liang, MA Zhong-ming, DU Shao-ping. A Study of the Optimized Model of N, P, K Fertilization on Muskmelon in Desert Oasis Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(2): 303-313.

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