覆草对苹果叶片显微结构及光系统功能的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.01.13

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探究渤海湾北部冷凉苹果产区，果园覆草管理措施对苹果叶片光合机构及生理功能的影响机制，为果园有机覆盖措施提供理论依据。【方法】以2年生‘寒富’苹果/GM256/山定子为试材，当地自然生长的马唐草（Digitaria sanguinalis（L.）Scop.）为覆盖材料，设覆草处理（1 kg草/盆，C₁N₀），施用氮肥处理（3.4 g尿素/盆，C₀N₁），覆草+氮肥处理（1 kg草+3.4 g尿素/盆，C₁N₁）和对照（CK）4个处理，通过盆栽试验模拟果园覆草的土壤管理措施，研究覆盖草残体及配施氮肥各处理对苹果叶片的显微结构、光合色素含量、叶片气体交换参数及光合机构整体功能的影响。【结果】与对照相比，盆栽条件下覆草配施氮肥各处理对苹果叶片显微结构产生影响，其中单独覆草处理及施氮肥处理均可以增加栅栏组织的厚度和栅栏组织/海绵组织的比值，但两处理叶片的海绵组织厚度、叶片厚度与对照差异不显著；覆草+氮肥处理的苹果叶片栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度和叶片厚度分别较对照增加8.45%、12.91%和19.34%，明显提高了叶片栅栏组织/海绵组织的比值。覆草处理可改变叶片的叶绿素含量、叶绿素组分比例和光合气体交换参数，其中叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b和叶片净光合速率（P_n）分别提高22.67%、12.71%、23.42%和22.83%；施氮肥处理与覆草+氮肥处理的叶片光合色素含量和光合生理参数高于覆草处理及对照水平，后者的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和总叶绿素含量分别是对照的1.42、1.04和1.37倍，叶片的净光合速率（P_n）和水分利用效率（WUE）也分别较对照增加41.71%和21.99%。各处理叶片的叶绿素荧光诱导动力曲线和820 nm光吸收曲线出现较为明显变化，经JIP-test荧光数据分析表明，最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中Q_A下游其他电子受体的概率（ψ_o）和PSⅡ反应中心吸收的光能用于电子传递的量子产额（φ_E_o）表现为C₁N₁>C₀N₁>C₁N₀>CK，叶片光合性能指数（PI_ABS）、光系统Ⅰ（PSⅠ）最大氧化还原能力（ΔI/I_o）也均高于对照水平。各处理均提高了苹果植株的生长发育水平，单独覆草处理的叶片长度与对照无显著差异，而施氮肥处理的叶片长度较对照增加10.63%，覆草处理及施氮肥处理均可明显增加叶片的宽度和叶片面积，苹果植株的干周也分别较对照增加8.82%和12.35%，覆草+氮肥处理的苹果植株叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积和干周则分别是对照的1.14、1.19、1.44和1.21倍。【结论】盆栽试验条件下，模拟果园覆草和施用氮肥复合处理可显著提高叶片光合效能，有效促进苹果树生长。

关键词: 苹果, 覆草, 氮肥, 叶片显微构造, 光合系统功能

Abstract: 【Objective】 The influencing mechanisms of orchard mulching grass on the photosynthetic apparatus as well as the physiological function of apple leaves in the northern of the Bohai Gulf were studied in order to provide a theoretical basis for organic cover measures in orchard. 【Method】 ‘Hanfu’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh./GM256/M.baccata Borkh.) and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. were used as materials, a potted experiment was conducted to determine the effects of orchard mulching grass together with using N on microstructure, photosynthetic pigment contents, gas exchange parameters and overall function of photosynthetic apparatus of apple leaves. The experiment were divided into four parts which were mulching grass treatment (C₁N₀, 1 kg grass per pot), nitrogen fertilizer (C₀N₁, 3.4 g N per pot) and mulching grass + nitrogen fertilizer treatment (C₁N₁, 1 kg grass and 3.4 g N per pot) and control (CK). 【Result】 The results showed that C₁N₀ and C₀N₁ treatments increased the palisade tissue thickness as well as the ratio of PT/ST, however, compared with the control, there was no obvious difference in spongy tissue and the leaf thickness. Leaf microstructure showed that C₁N₁ treatment increased the thickness of the palisade tissue, spongy tissue and leaf by 8.45%, 12.91%, and 19.34%, respectively. It also significantly improved the ratio of PT/ST. Straw mulching treatment could change photosynthetic pigment contents, the ratio of chlorophyll and photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, among them, chlorophyll a content, total chlorophyll content, the ratio of chlorophyll a/b and net photosynthetic rate (P_n) increased by 22.7%, 12.71%, 23.42% and 22.83%, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in C₁N₁ treatmentwere 1.42, 1.04 and 1.37 times than that of control, it also increased the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and water use efficiency (WUE) by 41.71% and 21.99%, respectively. Photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic physiological parameters were higher in C₀N₁ and C₁N₁ treatments than that of C₁N₀ treatment, and control was the lowest. The chlorophyll a fluorescence transient and 820 nm reflection kinetics of apple leaves changed obviously. The JIP-test showed that different treatments increased the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter including maximal photochemistry efficiency of PS Ⅱ (F_v/F_m), efficiency/probability that an electron moves further than Q_A^-(ψ_o), quantum yield for electron transport (φ_E_o), which showed C₁N₁＞C₀N₁＞C₁N₀＞CK. Photosynthetic performance index (PI_ABS), biggest redox ability (ΔI/I_o) of PSⅠ were significantly higher than that of control. Different kinds of treatments promoted the development of apple plant. There was no significant difference between C₁N₀treatment and control in leaf length. However, C₀N₁ treatment increased leaf length by 10.63% compared with the control. C₁N₀ and C₀N₁treatments not only increased leaf width and leaf area, but also promoted the development of the trunk circumference by 8.82% and 12.35%. In addition, apple leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and trunk circumference of C₁N₁ were 1.14, 1.19, 1.44 and 1.21 times higher than that of control, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Under potted experiment, orchard mulching grass and nitrogen fertilizer treatment could improve the overall function of photosynthetic apparatus, and the development level of apple plant significantly.

Key words: apple, mulching grass; nirotgenous fertilizer; microstructure of leaf, function of photosynthetic

吕三三，杜国栋，刘志琨，吕德国，李爽. 覆草对苹果叶片显微结构及光系统功能的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(1): 130-139.

Lü San-san, DU Guo-dong, LIU Zhi-kun, Lü De-guo, LI Shuang. Effects of Orchard Mulching Grass on the Microstructure and Function of Photosystem in Apple Leaves[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(1): 130-139.

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