拔节期和开花期不同土层深度测墒补灌对北方小麦 旗叶叶绿体超微结构和荧光特性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.14.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究拔节期和开花期土层深度测墒补灌对北方小麦旗叶叶绿体超微结构和叶绿素荧光特性的影响，为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据和技术参考。【方法】以济麦22小麦品种为试验材料，于2011—2012年和2012—2013年小麦生长季，在大田条件下设置4个测墒补灌土层深度（0—20 cm、0—40 cm、0—60 cm和0—140 cm，各处理土壤相对含水量均补灌至75%，以生育期不灌水为对照），用透射电镜观察旗叶叶绿体超微结构、乙醇提取法测定叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光参数，研究不同处理对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、叶绿体超微结构、叶绿素荧光特性及籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。【结果】（1）依据0—40 cm土层测墒补灌，开花后22 d旗叶叶绿体呈椭圆形，沿细胞膜紧密排列，叶绿体膜和细胞膜完整，基粒片层清晰且沿叶绿体长轴方向排列，基粒片层间由清晰的基质片层连接；依据0—20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理旗叶叶绿体超微结构均有损伤，不补灌的处理损伤最重，叶绿体变为圆形，在细胞内排列紊乱，叶绿体膜和细胞膜溶解，细胞壁断裂。依据0—60 cm土层测墒补灌与依据0—40 cm土层测墒补灌叶绿体超微结构无显著差异，测墒补灌土层加深至0—140 cm，叶绿体膜完整，细胞膜部分损伤，基粒片层间出现缝隙。（2）相关分析表明，旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数均与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关（r＝0.99**，0.99**，0.96**）。依据0—40 cm土层测墒补灌，开花后22 d旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数比依据0—20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理显著增加，是其叶绿素含量较高的主要原因；测墒补灌土层加深至0—60 cm和0—140 cm，旗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数无显著增加，叶绿素含量亦无显著增加。（3）依据0—40 cm土层测墒补灌，灌浆中后期旗叶最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）和千粒重、籽粒产量及经济效益均比依据0—20 cm土层测墒补灌和生育期不补灌的处理显著增加，水分利用效率比依据0—20 cm土层测墒补灌的处理显著增加。测墒补灌土层加深至0—60 cm或0—140 cm，Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和ETR均无显著增加，千粒重、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益亦无显著提高。【结论】依据0—40 cm土层测墒补灌，旗叶叶绿体超微结构保持良好，叶肉细胞叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数较多，小麦灌浆中后期叶绿素含量和荧光参数较高，是其千粒重和籽粒产量较高的主要原因。综合籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益，依据0—40 cm土层测墒补灌的处理为本试验条件下的最优处理。

关键词: 小麦 , 测墒补灌 , 土层深度 , 叶绿体超微结构 , 荧光特性

Abstract: 【Objective】 The field experiment was carried out in 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 wheat growth seasons. Four soil layers (0-20, 0-40, 0-60 and 0-140 cm) were designed to make the supplemental irrigation at jointing stage and anthesis stage (target soil relative moisture content=75%), no irrigation during the whole growth season was used as the control. The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of supplemental irrigation based on the measurement of moisture content in different soil layers at jointing stage and anthesis stage on the chloroplast ultramicrostructure and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaves of winter wheat, so as to provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for water-saving and high-yield cultivation of wheat. 【Method】 The research was carried out with wheat cultivar Jimai 22, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the chloroplas ultramicrostructure of flag leaves, the alcohol extraction method was used to analyze the chlorophyll content of flag leaves and chlorophyll fluorometer was used to analyze the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaves. This experiment studied the effects of different treatments on the chlorophyll content, the chloroplas ultramicrostructure and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaves, grain yield, water use efficiency and economic benefit of wheat.【Result】When making supplemental irrigation in 0-40 cm soil layer, the oval chloroplasts of flag leaves with intact membrane closely arranged along the cell membrane on day 22 after anthesis. Clear grana lamellae arranged along the long axis of chloroplasts. And clear stroma lamellaes connected grana lamellas. The obvious damages of chloroplas ultramicrostructure were observed when making supplemental irrigation in 0-20 cm soil layer, and the chloroplas ultramicrostructure was caused more serious damage when no irrigation during the whole growth period. The round chloroplasts of flag leaves with damaged membrane arranged disordered and cell wall had a breakdown. The chloroplast ultramicrostructure had no significant difference between supplemental irrigation in 0-60 cm soil layer and 0-40cm soil layer. When making supplemental irrigation in 0-140 cm soil layer, damages of chloroplast ultramicrostructure were observed. Chloroplasts membranes were intact, membranes of cells was damaged and there were gaps among grana lamellas. There were significantly positive correlation among the numbers of chloroplast, chloroplast grana, grana lamellae of mesophyll cell of flag leaves and chlorophyll content (r＝0.99**, 0.99**, 0.96**). The numbers of chloroplast, chloroplast grana and grana lamellae of mesophyll cell under supplemental irrigation in 0-40 cm soil layer significantly increased than those under supplemental irrigation in 0-20 cm soil layer and no irrigation during the whole growth period, and which was why there was high chlorophyll content under supplemental irrigation in 0-40 cm soil layer. When making supplemental irrigation in 0-60 cm and 0-140 cm soil layers, the numbers of chloroplast, chloroplast grana and grana lamellae of mesophyll cell had no significant increase and so as to chlorophyll content. The maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), actual efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII) and photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) of flag leaves, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, water use efficiency and economic benefit of wheat under supplemental irrigation in 0-40 cm soil layer significantly increased than those under supplemental irrigation in 0-20 cm soil layer. When making supplemental irrigation in 0-60 cm and 0-140 cm soil layers, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and ETR had no significant increase, so as the 1000-grain weight, grain yield, water use efficiency and economic benefit of wheat. 【Conclusion】The most important factor for higher 1 000-grain weight and grain yield was supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture measurement in 0-40 cm soil layer which could maintain better chloroplast ultramicrostructure, higher numbers of chloroplast, chloroplast grana, grana lamellae of mesophyll cell of flag leaves, higher chlorophyll content and higher chlorophyll fluorescence parameters during the middle late grain filling stage. Supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture measurement in 0-40 cm soil layer was the most appropriate irrigation treatment for recommendation by considering grain yield, water use efficiency and economic benefit of wheat.

Key words: wheat , supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture measurement , soil layers , chloroplast ultramicrostructure , chlorophyll fluorescence parameters

刘月兰, 于振文, 张永丽, 石玉, 王东 . 拔节期和开花期不同土层深度测墒补灌对北方小麦旗叶叶绿体超微结构和荧光特性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(14): 2751-2761.

LIU Yue-Lan, YU Zhen-Wen, ZHANG Yong-Li, SHI Yu, WANG Dong- . Effects of Supplemental Irrigation Based on the Measurement of Moisture Content in Soil Layers at Jointing and Anthesis Stages on the Chloroplast Ultramicrostructure and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Flag Leaves of Winter Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(14): 2751-2761.

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