基于典范对应分析的甘肃引黄灌区土壤盐渍化特征研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.01.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究甘肃引黄灌区耕地土壤全盐量（TS）、pH和盐分离子组成的空间分布特征及数量关系，并探讨它们之间的相互关系、影响程度以及对盐碱地类型、分布的影响。【方法】以兴电和景电两个典型灌区为研究取样区，样点布局既涵盖了上游新垦盐碱荒地、中游轻度盐渍化耕地、下游中重度盐渍化耕地和弃耕盐碱荒地，又兼顾了耕地土壤盐渍化类型（硫酸盐型、氯化物-硫酸盐型、硫酸盐-氯化物型）和程度（轻度、中度、重度）的差异。运用常规统计学方法研究了土壤TS、pH、盐分离子的剖面分布特征，运用典范对应分析方法（CCA）研究了土壤TS、pH与盐分离子含量之间的数量关系及各土层TS、pH、盐分离子与研究对象前2个CCA排序轴的相关系数、特征值和解释方差。【结果】甘肃引黄灌区耕地土壤为轻度至重度盐化，0—40 cm土层含盐量随土层深度的增加而降低，40—80 cm土层含盐量随土层深度的增加而增加。剖面中的阳离子以Na+为主，阴离子以SO42-为主，土壤pH介于7.93—9.98之间。不同土层内，K+与HCO3-、Ca2+与Mg2+始终有较好的关联性，Na+与Cl-之间的关联性越往下层越强，SO42-与Na+之间主要是负相关，K+与Na+以及SO42-、Cl-、HCO3-之间的关联性不强。在0—100 cm全剖面上，pH的空间分布受HCO3-的影响较大，TS受Na+、Cl-、SO42-的影响较大。分层与全剖面的情况有所不同，0—20 cm土层内TS和pH的空间分布主要受控于SO42-含量，20—40cm土层内主要受控于Cl-和Na+含量，40—60 cm土层内受Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-和HCO3-的共同影响，60—80 cm土层内Mg2+是主要影响因素，80—100 cm土层内主要受控于Mg2+和Cl-。CCA第1排序轴反映了TS的变化情况，第2轴反映了pH的变化情况，第1轴特征值在0.53—0.70，解释方差在38.7%—57.7%；第2轴特征值在0.36—0.64，解释方差在30.6%—44.7%。【结论】甘肃引黄灌区的盐渍化耕地中同时存在盐分表聚和底聚两个过程，上游新垦盐碱荒地和中游轻度盐渍化耕地以底聚为主，下游中重度盐渍化耕地和弃耕盐碱荒地以表聚为主。60—80 cm的泥质胶结砂层含盐量高达93.7 g•kg-1，对水盐运移和盐分离子分布产生了重要影响，是造成灌区发生土壤次生盐渍化的主要原因之一。盐渍化耕地的钠质化现象只在重度次生盐渍化区发生，TS、Na+和SO42-是决定项目区盐碱地类型和分布的主要因素。典范对应分析通过箭头连线的长短、所处的象限、箭头之间的夹角以及与角符号间距离的远近等，在CCA二维排序图上可以直观地给出各盐分离子之间以及土壤TS、pH值与盐分离子之间的关系，并通过各土层TS、pH、盐分离子与研究对象前2个CCA排序轴的相关系数、特征值和解释方差等，来确定不同土层的主控因子和影响甘肃引黄灌区盐碱地类型和分布的主要因素，是一种更加科学的区域盐碱地特征及改良利用情况评价方法。

关键词: 盐碱地 , 盐渍化特征 , 典范对应分析 , 引黄灌区 , 甘肃

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics and quantitative relations of total salt content (TS), pH value and ion components so as to evaluate the relationship and correlation between them and their influences on types and distribution of saline-alkali land in Gansu Yellow River Irrigation District, Northwest China. 【Method】Take the typical irrigation area of Xingdian and Jingdian as research soil sampling area with sampling sites fully covered the newly reclaimed saline-alkali wasteland in the upper reaches, the mildly salinization of cultivated land in the middle reaches, the moderately severe salinization of cultivated land in the lower reaches and the salinization abandoned cropland in the whole irrigation area. And given more consideration to the differences between the types (sulfate type, chloride-sulfate type, sulfate-chloride type) and the degrees (mild, moderate, severe) of soil salinization when sampling. The conventional statistics method was used to evaluate the soil profile distribution of TS, pH and salt ion. The canonical correspondence analysis method was used to evaluate the quantitative relationships of TS, pH and the contents of salt ion, and the correlation coefficients, eigenvalues, cumulative percentage variance of TS, pH, salt ions between axis 1 and axis 2 of CCA in various soil layers. 【Result】 The irrigated soils of Gansu Yellow River Irrigation District are mild to severe salted, the salt content of 0-40 cm soil layer decreased with soil depth increase while the salt content of 40-80 cm soil layer increased with soil depth increases. The cation and anion in soil profile are Na+ and SO42 respectively -with pH value vary between 7.93 and 9.98. K+ and HCO3-, Ca2+ and Mg2+ are well linked in all soil layers, the correlation between Na+ and Cl- are enhanced with increment of soil depth, SO42- and Na+ are correlated negatively, the correlation between K+ and Na+ as well as SO42- , Cl- and HCO3 are not stronger in all soil layer-. At 0-100 cm soil profile, the spatial distribution of pH is mainly controlled by HCO3-, TS is mainly controlled by Na+, Cl- and SO42-, respectively. Different soil layers have diverse characteristics of soil salinization from that of the whole soil profile, the spatial distribution of pH and TS is mainly controlled by SO42- in 0-20 cm soil layer, by Cl- and Na+ in 20-40 cm soil layer, by Mg2+ in 60-80 cm soil layer, by Mg2+ and Cl- in 80-100 cm soil layer, by Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42- and HCO3- together in 40-60 cm soil layer individually. Axis1 and axis 2 of CCA reflects the changes of TS and pH value, respectively. The eigenvalues and cumulative percentage vary from 0.53 to 0.70 and 38.7% to 57.7% of axis 1, respectively, while that vary from 0.36 to 0.64 and 30.6% to 44.7% of axis 2 correspondingly. 【Conclusion】There are two processes of surface salt accumulation and bottom salt accumulation profiles in the saline cultivated land of Gansu Yellow River irrigation District. Newly reclaimed saline-alkali wasteland in the upper reaches and mild salinization of cultivated land in the middle reaches are given priority to surface accumulation profiles, and mild salinization of cultivated land in the middle reaches and moderately severe salinization of cultivated land in the lower reaches are given priority to bottom accumulation profiles. The salt content of 60-80 cm argillaceous cemented sand layer is as high as 93.7 g•kg-1, which has an important influence on the migration of water and salt and the distribution of salt ions, and is one of the main causes to lead soil to secondary salinization in the irrigation area. TS, Na+ and SO42- are the main factors that determine the type and distribution of saline-alkali land in Gansu Yellow River Irrigation District. Meanwhile, the canonical correspondence analysis method can intuitively give the relationship among various salt ions and between TS, pH and salt ion in two-dimensional ordination diagram of CCA by the length of the arrow, the quadrant, the angle between arrows, the distance between arrows and the triangle symbol, etc. And it also can determine the main controlling factors that influence the characters of different layers and the main factors that affect the type and distribution of saline-alkali land by using correlation coefficients, eigenvalues, cumulative percentage between TS, pH, salt ions and axis1/axis2 of CCA in various soil layers, so that, it is considered to be the more efficient scientific method for evaluation of the characteristics and improvement of saline-alkali land in Yellow River Irrigation Area.

Key words: saline-alkali land , salinization characteristics , canonical correspondence analysis , The Yellow River Irrigation District , Gansu province

杨思存1, 逄焕成2, 王成宝1, 李玉义2, 霍琳1, 姜万礼1. 基于典范对应分析的甘肃引黄灌区土壤盐渍化特征研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(1): 100-110.

YANG Si-Cun-1, PANG Huan-Cheng-2, WANG Cheng-Bao-1, LI Yu-Yi-2, HUO Lin-1, JIANG Wan-Li-1. Characterization of Soil Salinization Based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis Method in Gansu Yellow River Irrigation District of Northwest China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(1): 100-110.

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