河西制种基地玉米杂交种种子成熟期与种子活力的关系

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.15.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究河西制种基地玉米杂交种种子成熟度与种子活力的关系，确定高活力种子的适宜收获期，为种子企业躲避早秋霜冻提供依据。【方法】选择硬粒型先玉335、马齿型郑单958和吉祥1号3个杂交种制种田，授粉后每隔3—5 d采集果穗测定籽粒水分，实验室进行标准发芽和冷浸抗冷试验，测定种子发芽率和浸出液电导率，籽粒乳线发育按5级分类法记录：1=整个胚乳是液体状，无乳线；2=种子长度的25%充满硬化胚乳层，乳线出现在离种子顶部1/4处；3=种子长度的50%充满硬化胚乳层，乳线出现在种子1/2处；4=种子长度的3/4含硬化胚乳层，乳线下移到接近种子基部；5=整个种子是硬化的胚乳层，乳线消失。【结果】不同玉米杂交种、授粉后不同采收期对籽粒水分、脱水速率、种子发芽率和活力影响达到极显著水平，先玉335脱水早、脱水快，授粉后32 d时籽粒水分比郑单958、吉祥1号低10%—15%，授粉后32—75 d随着灌浆的进行果穗籽粒水分递减，平均生理脱水速率先玉335（0.70%/d）高于郑单958（0.62%/d）和吉祥1号（0.49%/d），籽粒水分每减少1%，先玉335、郑单958和吉祥1号百粒重依次增加0.73 g、0.50 g、0.29 g。不同采收期种子成熟度和种子活力有较大差异，籽粒水分为70%—40%，随着水分降低，种子发芽率增加、浸出液电导率减少，水分每减少1%，先玉335、郑单958和吉祥1号发芽率依次提高3.37%、2.76%、1.67%。随着灌浆时间推后，籽粒发芽率增加、电导率降低，但杂交种之间有一定差异，授粉后32 d 3个杂交种标准发芽率为30.0%—59.0%，6℃冷浸3 d发芽率为2.5%—36.9%，授粉47 d以后先玉335冷浸芽率与标准发芽率接近，而郑单958、吉祥1号冷浸发芽率始终明显低于标准发芽率，即种子抗低温能力大小为先玉335＞郑单958＞吉祥1号。种子发育过程中籽粒水分与乳线发育明显相关，随着水分减少乳线下移，先玉335籽粒乳线出现早、消失也早，郑单958次之，吉祥1号乳线出现最迟、消失最晚，乳线发育到籽粒1/2处时，籽粒水分降到38%—40%，种子标准发芽率和冷浸发芽率均接近较高值，此时先玉335、郑单958百粒重占生理成熟时最大百粒重的76.6%和88.0%。【结论】玉米种子成熟度影响种子活力大小，发芽率和活力最大的采收期宜在乳线到籽粒中部位置，此时籽粒水分40%左右，而不是干物质达到最大的生理成熟期，甘肃武威制种基地先玉335高活力种子的适宜采收期开始于授粉后47 d，而郑单958和吉祥1号在授粉后60 d，比目前生产收获期提前10—15 d，可避免早霜冻对玉米种子质量的影响。

关键词: 甘肃河西 , 玉米 , 种子成熟度 , 授粉后天数 , 种子活力

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this study was to clarify relationships between seed maturity and vigor, and to determine optimum harvest of maize seed with high vigor so as to provide references for seed enterprises to avoid early autumn frost, in Hexi in China.【Method】Samples for maize seeds were obtained at 3 to 5 days intervals after pollination to test seed moisture, standard germination-SG (7 days at 25℃), and vigor, using cold test-CT (3 days at 6℃) and electrical conductivity-EC (three 50-seed samples, 24 hours inhibition at 25℃), and milk line development was classified by a five-stage system, using three genotypes (hybrid XY335, ZD958 and JX1) during the crop seasons of 2013.【Result】Seed moisture and seed moisture-loss rate and germination and vigor were highly influenced by genotypes and days after pollination (DAP). XY335 seed dehydrated early and quick, and seed moisture content was 10-15 percentage points lower in XY335 than that in ZD958 and JX1 at 32 DAP. During grain filling period from 32 to 72 DAP, seed moisture in ear decreased with time, average moisture-loss rate for XY335 was 0.70% per day that was higher than 0.62% per day in ZD958 and 0.49% per day in JX1, and 100-seed weight increased 0.73 g in XY335 and 0.50 g in ZD958 and 0.29 g in JX1 when seed moisture reduced one percentage point. Seed maturity and vigor at different days after pollination had a great difference, and seed quality values in terms of standard germination increased and electrical conductivity values decreased with seed moisture decreases from 70% to 40%, and the SG values increased by 3.37 percentage points in XY335 and 2.76 percentage points in ZD958 and 1.67 percentage points in JX1 as one percentage point reduction in seed moisture. With grain filling moving forward, the SG tended to increase and the EC to decrease but these changes were different across genotypes and DAP, and the SG ranged from 30% to 59% and the vigor at cold test from 2.5% to 36.9% at 32 DAP, and the seed germination values at standard and cold test for XY335 were comparable at 47 DAP onward, but the seed germination at standard was always lower than that at cold test for ZD958 and JX1, suggesting the order of seed low temperature resistance was XY335, ZD958, and JX1, respectively. Seed moisture during grain filling period was highly correlated with milk line development stage, and milk line moved from the seed’s upper to base as seed moisture decreased. Milk line presenting and disappearing were the earliest for XY335, came second for ZD958, and the latest for JX1. When the milk lines for three hybrids were present at the midpoint of the seed, seed moisture would be 38% to 40%, and the SG and vigor in CT would be close to high values, implying optimum harvesting can be made at half- milking stage, in which 100-seed weight of XY335 and ZD958 accounted for 76.6% and 88.0% of its maximum at physiological maturity. 【Conclusion】 Seed maturity affected greatly on seed quality, and optimum harvest for high germination values and vigor using cold test and EC can be determined at half-milk (stage 3) in which seed moisture was about 40%, and can not be made at physiological maturity of seed weight usual reaching its maximum. Suitable harvesting started from 47 DAP onwards for XY335, and 60 DAP for ZD958 and JX1, 10 to 15 days before usual harvesting, to prevent frost damage on seed quality in Wuwei, Gansu.

Key words: Hexi corridor , maize , seed maturity , days after pollination , seed vigor

樊廷录1, 王淑英1, 王建华2, 杨珍3. 河西制种基地玉米杂交种种子成熟期与种子活力的关系[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(15): 2960-2970.

FAN Ting-Lu-1, WANG Shu-Ying-1, WANG Jian-Hua-2, YANG Zhen-3. Relationship of Days After Pollination and Vigor Traits on Maize Seed Maturity in Hexi Seed Production Area in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(15): 2960-2970.

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