中国农业科学 ›› 2013, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (6): 1182-1190.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.06.011

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

夏玉米不同施氮水平土壤硝态氮累积及对后茬冬小麦的影响

 张经廷, 王志敏, 周顺利   

  1. 农业部农作制度重点开放实验室/中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院,北京 100193
  • 收稿日期:2012-10-10 出版日期:2013-03-15 发布日期:2012-11-20
  • 通讯作者: 通信作者周顺利,Tel:010-62732431;E-mail:zhoushl@cau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:张经廷,Tel:010-62732557;E-mail:jingting58@126.com
  • 基金资助:

    新世纪优秀人才支持计划(NETC-10-0790)、国家自然科学基金(31071367)、河北省科技支撑计划项目(12220202D)

Soil Nitrate N Accumulation Under Different N-Fertilizer Rates in Summer Maize and Its Residual Effects on Subsequent Winter Wheat

 ZHANG  Jing-Ting, WANG  Zhi-Min, ZHOU  Shun-Li   

  1. Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193
  • Received:2012-10-10 Online:2013-03-15 Published:2012-11-20

摘要: 【目的】探讨夏玉米季不同施氮水平土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)累积及对后茬冬小麦的影响,利用作物轮作降低土壤NO3--N累积,减缓其淋洗,以提高氮肥周年利用率。【方法】夏玉米季设置不同施氮量处理,冬小麦采取节水省肥栽培,研究夏玉米收获后土壤剖面累积的NO3--N对冬小麦生长发育、产量及NO3--N累积动态的影响。【结果】夏玉米季施氮量与作物收获后土壤剖面NO3--N累积量,NO3--N累积量与冬小麦的产量都呈极显著线性正相关关系。冬小麦季采取限氮或不施氮处理作物收获后土壤剖面各层NO3--N含量,与夏玉米收获后相比都有显著降低。夏玉米季施氮240 kg•hm-2、冬小麦季施氮157.5 kg•hm-2(N240+157.5)或者冬小麦季不施氮前茬夏玉米季施氮360 kg•hm-2(N360+0)都能满足冬小麦各生育时期对氮的需求,产量、吸氮量和周年氮肥利用率相近且都保持较高的水平,但夏玉米季高施氮处理,当季氮存在很大的淋洗等损失风险。【结论】夏玉米季施入的氮肥对后茬冬小麦有很强的有效性,小麦季采取节水省肥栽培,能显著减少前茬作物收获后残留的NO3--N,减缓其淋洗,同时保障作物产量,提高氮肥利用率。生产中氮肥的合理分配应充分考虑前茬残留氮素对后茬的有效性。

关键词: 土壤硝态氮 , 氮肥 , 夏玉米 , 冬小麦 , 后效

Abstract: 【Objective】 The study was conducted to clarify the annual characteristics of soil NO3--N accumulation under different N-fertilizer (NF) rates applied in maize (Zea mays L.) and its residual effects on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system.【Method】Four NF rates (0, 120, 240 and 360 kg N•hm-2) were applied in maize and the cultivation practices of water-saving and NF-saving were adopted in wheat, the annual changes of NO3--N in a 2 m-depth soil profile in different NF treatments and its residual effects on wheat were observed.【Result】There was a significant positive correlation between NF rates and residual soil NO3--N amount at maize harvest stage, and the yield of following wheat also showed a significant positive relationship with the residual soil NO3--N amount, which could be fitted by a linear model. Compared with that at maize harvest stage, NO3--N content in each soil layer sharply decreased at wheat maturity stage under the NF rates of 157.5 and zero kg N•hm-2 applied in wheat. 240 kg N•hm-2 applied in maize and 157.5 kg N•hm-2 applied in wheat (N240+157.5) or the treatment N360+0 (360 kg N•hm-2 was applied in maize but no NF in wheat) could meet wheat demand for N, eventually maintained yield, plant N uptake amount and annual apparent N recovery efficiency at a higher level. However, the treatments in which higher NF applied in maize had a great NO3--N leaching loss risk in rainy season. 【Conclusion】 NF applied in summer maize has a strong residual effectiveness to subsequent winter wheat. Adopting the water-saving and NF-saving cultivation techniques in winter wheat not only shrinks sharply the NO3--N accumulation in the soil profile, but also sustains high-yielding and increases NF recovery efficiency. Therefor, the residual effect should be considered in NF optimization in crop production.

Key words: soil nitrate-N , nitrogen fertilizer , summer maize , winter wheat , residual effect