【Objective】 Due to the fast development in molecular biology and biotechnology, a large amount of biological data is available to the genetic studies of important breeding traits in plants. Currently, there are many publications on genes effecting quantitative traits (or QTL), where QTL main effects, interactions between QTLs, and between QTL and environment were the major topic. Based on these studies, QTL can be dissected as a single Mendelian factor, fine mapped on chromosome, and finally be cloned. On the other hand, the phenotypic selection is still playing an important role in traditional plant breeding, where the breeding efficiency is low and the prediction is imprecise. 【Method】 QuLine is such a computer tool that is capable of defining genetic models ranging from simple to complex and thus can simulate breeding programs for developing inbred lines. Based on the results of simulation experiments, breeders may optimize their breeding programs and therefore greatly improve the breeding efficiency. 【Result and Conclusion】 In this paper, we first introduce the underlying principles of simulation modeling in breeding, and then summarize the application of QuLine in comparing different selection strategies, parental selection using known gene information, and the design approach in breeding.

Abstract: [objective] The forecast of sterile alteration for temperature-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) line in two-line hybrid rice seed production was traditionally based on screen temperature determined by weather station. The paper put forward a new approach based on plant temperature, which showed more exact and direct than the traditional method. [Method] Simulated the self-seeded setting rate of a widely used TGMS line, Peiai64S by using several temperature parameters and duration, [Result] the result showed that, the fertility were affected directly by plant temperature at height of 20cm or the air temperature around it by duration of three days. Using the stem temperature of three days at height of 20cm as simulated parameter, the fertility of Peiai64S had the maximum, minimum and adaptive temperature as 22.8℃, 21.7℃ and 22.5℃, respectively. While, 23.2℃, 21.5℃ and 21.8℃, respectively, when using the air temperature of three days around height of 20cm as parameter. [Conclusion] Such temperature indices can be used to determine the sterile alteration of TGMS and safeguard seed production in two-line hybrid rice seed production. The paper established a model for concluding plant temperature by temperatures of inflow and outflow water, air temperature and cloud information as well determined by weather station.

Abstract: Objective In order to certain the ploidy in Eulaliopsis binata, chromosome squash method that dealt with two different conditions: enzyme and acid, had been launched to identify the number and Karyotype of chromosome. Method Using the chromosome squash method, the chromosomes in Eulaliopsis binata were distinguished under light microscope. Then those pictures were measured by Simple PCI Image Analysis software and LUCIA Cytogenetics Chromosome Image Analysis to determine the Karyotype. Results These results demonstrate the chromosomes in Eulaliopsis binata is 40, and its Karyotype could be formulated as 2n＝40＝18m+2sm ,belonging to Stebbins’s 1B type.The meiosis in Eulaliopsis binata undergoes continued cytokinisis, and at matephase appears 20 bivalents. Also, in this study, some abnormal phenomena were observed: at metaphase I, some chromosome appeared unpaired with a 34.3% frequency; one or three lagged chromosomes at anaphase I with a 32.4% frequency; and during the tetrad period, one microkernel in 20 cells was approximately distinguished Conclusions Eulaliopsis binata is a polyploid species with 40 chromosomes and is expected to be heterotetraploid, based on the Karyotype analysis and the chromosome behaviors during the meiosis.

A Gossypium barbadense male-sterility line ‘Hai A’ with G. harknessii cytoplasm and its maintainer ‘Hai B’ were developed by replacing nuclear genome from G. hirsutum to G. barbadense in a backcross breeding program. Its male cell abortion was observed by light microscope through paraffin slice for H.E staining technique. The results showed that the abortion characteristics in ‘Hai A’ were not significantly changed at the cytological level although G. hirsutum nuclear genome of sterile line was replaced by G. barbadense nuclear genome, and its abortion mainly took place at the stage of microspore mother cell meiosis. ‘Hai A’ sterility was very stable because of its early abortion and no-pollens in anthers. Hybrids between ‘Hai A’ and G. hirsutum restorers were high in pollen viability, boll setting rate, boll weight and lint percentage which contributed to high yield heterosis. It is suggested that ‘Hai A’ is of value in the application of cotton interspecific hybrid seed production.

F2:10 RIL population with 154 lines, crossed by Charleston as female parent and Dongnong 594 as male parent were used. 164 SSR primers were screened with the two parents and amplified on the 154 lines. 12 agronomic traits different between the two parents are investigated, and QTLs of all traits are analyzed with windows QTL Cartographer V2.0. The agronomic traits includes quality traits: content of protein, content of oil, total content of protein and oil; yield traits: pods per plant, seed weight per plant, and seed weight per hundred; and other traits: plant height, maturity period, branches, main stem nodes, average leaf length, average leaf width. The results show that: 68 QTLs are scanned out for the 12 agronomic traits. QTLs of each trait varied from 3 of average leaf width to 11 of seed weight per hundred and plant height, and the average is 5.8. Compared with the QTLs results at home and abroad, more QTL loci are identical, so they can be used for MAS.

Seed vigor is decided by genetic and environmental factors during seed development and storage. With the better reflection of seed quality than germination rate, Seed vigor has close correlation with the seeds’ field performance and longevity. This paper reviewed the advances on physiological and molecular mechanism of seed vigor in recent years

【Objective】This research was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and ratio of base and topdressing on fertilizer-N use efficiency (N fertilizer accumulation in plant/N supplied, FNUE), wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, and fertilizer N residue in 0~200cm soil layers under high-yield condition, so to choose appropriate nitrogen rate and ratio of base and topdressing, considering profitable yield, efficient N fertilizer utilization, and reduction of possible environmental effects.【Method】15N isotope tracing experiment was conducted in PVC cylinders (2.05m length, Ф0.2m, without bottom). The 15N isotope tracing experiment had seven treatments: without applying N fertilizer (N0); N application rate of 168 kg N per ha (0.527g/pot), ratios of base and topdressing N fertilizer were 1/2:1/2, 1/3:2/3 and 0:1, which denoted N1, N2, and N3; N application rate of 240 kg N per ha (0.753g/pot), ratios of base and topdressing N fertilizer were 1/2:1/2, 1/3:2/3 and 0:1, which denoted N4, N5, and N6. 【Result】The results showed that on high-yield condition this study concerned, applying N fertilizer significantly increased grain yield and protein content, and treatment N2 and treatment N5, N6 gain higher grain yield and grain protein content; Treatment N2 enhanced FNUE significantly and decreased fertilizer-N residue rate and losses rate. 15N tracer experiment showed that increasing in basal or topdressing fertilizer-N amount increased fertilizer N residual amount in the soil of 0~200cm, and increased fertilizer N movement depth. At jointing, basal fertilizer N residual amount proportion in 0~40cm, 40~100cm, and 100~200cm to total basal fertilizer N residual amount were 58.8%~76.1%、23.9%~38.2% and 0%~11.8%, and basal fertilizer N residue of treatment N1, N5 were found in 120~140cm, and that of treatment N4 was in 140~160cm. At anthesis, basal fertilizer N residual amount proportion in 0~40cm to total basal fertilizer N residual amount decreased and that in 40~200cm increased, and basal fertilizer N of treatment N4 was moved to 160~180cm. Topdressing fertilizer N residual amount proportion in 0~40cm to total topdressing fertilizer N residual amount was 70.3%~91.2%, and did not find topdressing fertilizer N in 100~200cm. At maturity, basal fertilizer N residual amount proportion in 0~40cm, 40~100cm, and 100~200cm to total basal fertilizer N residual amount were38.3~48.7%、39.7%~51.3%和0%~22%; Topdressing fertilizer N of treatment N3, N6 were moved to 160~180cm and 180~200cm respectively, and treatment N4, N5 were to 140~160cm. Basal and topdressing nitrogen of treatment N2 were not inspected in 100~200cn soil layers in whole growth stage. 【Conclusion】 as far as grain yield, FNUE, fertilizer N residue in 0~200cm soil layers, and fertilizer N loss be concerned, the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer applying regime recommended is treatment N2, its nitrogen fertilizer rate is 168 kg•ha-1 and ratio of base and topdressing is 1/3:2/3.

The results are achieved through the canopy hyperspectral study in the different growing stages and the different varieties of cotton. The spectral difference of the visional wave is obvious in 2.5 of LAI, and the difference trend to the saturation ; the correlation between LAI and the spectrum is significant negative in the visional wave, and the correlation between LAI and the near infrared is significant positive; there are three high plaint regions, including blue region(523-531nm)、yellow region(570-576nm)、red region(700-755nm) respectively, resulted from the correlation between LAI and the derivative spectrum, and among them the red region is the strongest. The late peak of the red edge is the leaf area index. Among hyperspectral parameters constructing the estimation model of LAI of cotton, the analyses shows that the relative error, including NDVI(660、800)、NDVI(550、800)、NDVI(500、800)、NDVI(670、800)、SDy(570-573nm)、SDr(714-755nm)、D723、Dr, is under 30% and RMSE is under 0.6, and NDVI(660、800)and NDVI(550、800) is better comparatively. The achievement is improved throughout establishing the stage models, and SDr is used when the leaf index is under 1.0 and SDr/SDb is used when the leaf area index is above 1.0.

A field trial was conducted to explore the effects of different treatments, such as virus-free cuttings(VF), cuttings soaking with choline chloride(CC), and leaves spraying with Zhuangfengan(ZFA), on the endogenous level of hormone and root yield of sweetpotato. The present results showed that the dry root yield in the treatment of VF and CC increased by 21.0% and 24.2%, respectively, which was 5.2% increment in the treatment of ZFA. In different treatment, the increment ratio of fresh root yield per day increased significantly. In the treatment of VF and CC, the T/R ratio declined significantly, and the contents of zkinetin (CTKs), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA4) in the leaf increased to some extent, the content of abscisic acid (ABA) reduced, and content of CTKs, IAA, ABA in the storage root also increased. In the treatment of ZFA, the content of GA4 and ABA in the leaf decreased significantly, the content of CTKs,IAA in the leaf and the content of CTKs, ABA,IAA in the root increased.

Wheat stripe rust detection based on chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) sensing is large area and real time, with more advantages of saving time and labor compared to traditional investigation. Diseases with different levels were induced by artificial inoculation, and then canopy radiances were measured using the ASD field spectrometer. The amount of CF was quantified at 688 nm and 761 nm, where the solar spectrum was attenuated (Fraunhofer lines). The results showed that CF at 688 nm was positively correlated with the disease index (DI) whereas CF at 761 nm was negatively correlated with DI. Ratios of CF at 688 to that at 761 nm, which found to be a suitable indicator of stress events in plants, were positively related to DI. Besides, measurements of several photosynthetic parameters (SPAD, Fv/Fm, Yield and Pn) have been shown to decrease as leaf sev

Twenty-six fragments of near-full-length coat protein (CP) gene of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), the main causal agent of sugarcane and maize mosaic diseases in China, were obtained by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with templates of total RNA extracted from diseased sugarcane and maize leaves collected from south China. Their nucleotide sequences were determined directly by Sanger’s method and were used for diversity analysis of SCMV-CP gene, with the reported sequences(from GenBank) of representative strains and isolates of SCMV(mainly from China) also included. Study on CP gene nucleotide (nt) identity showed that SCMV isolates in China could be divided into three molecular groups that coincidently correlated to their respective original hosts, namely hybrid sugarcane, maize and noble sugarcane. There were 78%-84% nt identities between two different group and >91% within each one group. The division was supported by the phylogenetic tree based on the CP gene nt data and forming three independent clusters: the first and second cluster respectively belongs to the sugarcane group (SCE group) and maize group (MZ group) founded by Alegria (2003), while the third named noble sugarcane group (NSCE group) was firstly founded in this study. No significant geographical divergence was found among SCMV isolates from Chinese hybrid sugarcane, whereas the MZ group and NSCE group in China could be further divided into some minor groups correlated with geographical origin. The minor groups within MZ group were respectively from East and Middle China, Northwest and Southwest China and South China, while within NSCE group respectively from Zhejiang and South China. Field investigation in mixed growing areas of maize and sugarcane indicated that the cross-infection of SCMV among different original hosts might occasionally occur via aphid-transmission, but on some a certain host there existed relative separation of virus population, suggesting that the selecting pressure from hosts on the evolution of SCMV was on population level, therefore the population perspectives should be kept when studying on those pathogens with rich diversity, such as SCMV. In addition, we have found that two kinds of weeds from south China, Narenga sp. and Miscanthus sp. relationally closed to sugarcane, were infected with SCMV.

A total of one hundred and sixty-three isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp were isolated from 488 plant rhizospheric soil samples collected from Shandong, Hainan, Yunnan and Xinjiang Province. One hundred and two were detected to be rod and had monopolar one or more flagellum observed under light microscope. About 1.5 kb 16S rDNA fragment of these strains were amplified with the conservative 16S rDNA primer pairs of the eubacterium. The PCR products were purified and digested with the restriction enzyme HeaIII. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) was performed. All strains produce three digestion patterns, which were similar with the digestion patterns of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida and unknown type. ARDRA analysis showed that all isolated strain belonged to at least three species. All the One hundred and two isolated strains were inhibitory ability to plant pathogenic fungi. Twenty-five of them showed inhibitory to Rhizoctonia solani in dual-culture test on PDA plates, one of them shown the highest antagonistic activity to Rhizoctonia solani was named TC222. Moreover, TC222 displayed inhibitory to various plant pathogens, e.g. Gaeumannomyces graminis, Magnaporthe grisea, Drechslera sorakiniana, Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Phomopsis asparagi, Fulvia fulva, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Sacc. et Magn and Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae. 16S rDNA sequence analysis of TC222 showed 99% homology to Pseudomonas fluorescens. TC222 was further confirmed to belong to Pseudomonas fluorescens according to physiological and biochemical characteristics.

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren is a important alien invasive pest in China, which attack including animals、plants and commonality establishment, especialy attack human, bring on huge economy losing. The CLIMEX and WEATHER models’ two methods of Match Index and compare locations were used to predict the favourable habitat of the pest. The result indicated the red imported fire ant can established population in 47 locations including 19 provinces in China, where as mainly distributed south China, especialy the areas which the Day Minimum temperature and the average month rainfall was relatively higher. In addition, its potential suitable establishment areas in China are forecasted by using ArcGIS8.3. The results indicate that the region of suitable establishment ranging from 16.32°N～41.33°N，91.46°E～122.01°E.

Abstract Laboratory analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of paddy soils in subtropical China on the mineralization of carbon and nitrogen .The results showed that the mineralization of soil organic carbon decreased after DOM removed but the influence is unnotable. The mineralization of soil organic nitrogen decreased 11～18.3%（even 13.6%）,The difference is distinct .This data illustrate that whilst DOM is a small component of the soil OM ,it plays a significant role in in the transport and supply of nitrogen (N) to microbial populations.It is the initial substrate for these OM mineralization and considered important in the N mineralization.

Recent research in precision agriculture has focused on use of management zone as a method to more efficiently apply crop inputs and precise soil management. In this paper, the variables of NDVI data，soil salinity and some nutrient data were selected as clustering variables, fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm was used to define management zone in an about 10.5km2 field in coastal saline region. The results revealed that the optimal number of management zones for the study area was 3. To assess whether the defined management zones can be used to characterize spatial variability in soil chemical properties and crop productivity, 139 georeferenced soil sampling points and yield data that in the was examined by using One-way ANOVA. It was found that the there exist significantly statistical differences between the chemical properties of soil samples and yield data in each defined management, and management zone 3 presented highest nutrient level and potential crop productivity, whereas management zone 1 lowest. The results revealed that fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm can be used to delineate management zones by using the given variables. The defined management zones not only can direct the sampling design, but can be used for fertilizer recommendation to manage soil nutrient and salinity more efficiently in coastal saline field.

To evaluate the effect of real-time and site-specific N management on rice yield and its quality, the experiments under field conditions were conducted with indica hybrid rice Liangyoupei9(LYP9) and Shanyou63(SY63) in 2004 and 2005. The results showed that grain yield of LYP9 and SY63 under N-application treatment increased by 21.12%-57.65%, 15.00%-31.18% compared to no N-application treatment respectively based on the Real-time N Management (RTNM); grain yield of LYP9 and SY63 under N-application treatment increased by 45.44%-50.71%, 28.53%-32.40% compared to no N-application treatment respectively based on the Site-specific N Management(SSNM). The recommended SPAD threshold were 38-41 for LYP9, and 36-39 for SY63, which might obtain higher grain yield and better grain quality when RTNM were adapted for nitrogen management. The optimal SPAD threshold for LYP9 and SY63 were 38-39 and 36 respectively, when nitrogen management based on SSNM. It clearly demonstrated that the milling quality, apparent features, protein content of LYP9 was noticeably improved under a proper SPAD threshold based on the SSNM both in 2004 and 2005; For SY63, its quality could not be improved in SSNM while the SPAD threshold recommendation based on the grain yield performance. The results indicate the possibility of harmonizing the conflict of rice quality and grain yield by using SSNM based on the recommendation SPAD threshold value of 38-39 for LYP9 and 36 or so for SY63.

Based on K fertilizer’s application and straw-returning to soil of Hebei chao soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China for continuous 13 yeas, effect of K fertilizer’s application and straw-returning to soil on crop yield and status of soil potassium in plough layer under different planting systems was studied. Results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve yield of wheat and maize, and treatments showed: NPK+St>NPK>NP+St>NP, and treatment of K fertilizer’s application made a notable difference to NP, and efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. By contrast with Shanxi, soil potassium wastage of rotation system in Hebei was more serious, only treatment of NPK+St showed a surplus in soil potassium. K fertilizer and straw could improve content of water-soluble K, non-specifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K and total K in contrast to NP, however reduce proportion of mineral K and improve others’ in two anchors, but content and proportion of specifically adsorbed K had nothing to do with K fertilizer and straw. Effect of K fertilizer’s application to soil directly was wholly excelled to straw. In contrast to orientation’s beginning, time-variation character of soil potassium’s content and proportion showed a difference between two agrotypes, further more content of mineral K and total K behaved a decrease accordantly in two anchors’ soil.

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth food crop in the world. Low temperature storage regarding processing quality is the focus of post-harvesting physiology. In this experiment, a full cDNA sequence of vacuolar invertase inhibitor gene was amplified from leaves of tobacco T1 strain by RT-PCR using the primers designed on the base of published sequence of NCBI (Nt-VIF, GenBank assession number AY594179) and. Analysis of Blast showed that the cloned cDNA shares 100% homology with Nt-VIF of tobacco. The sense-orientation vector containing Nt-VIF cDNA regulated by 35S promoter was introduced successfully into potato cv. E-Potato 3 (E3) by the PCR detection and Northern and Southern blot analysis. The transgenic tubers were harvested and stored at 4℃ or 20℃ for 1 month in order to analyze the variation in reducing sugar (RS) content and vacuolar invertase (VI) activity. The results showed that VI activity was regulated by temperature, which was lower in high temperature than that in low temperature. There were no significant variances in VI activity between transgenic and non-transgenic (CK) tubers when they stored at high temperature, but VI activity of the transgenic tubers stored at low temperature was inhibited by a range of 22.7 (Line A-3) - 78.1% (Line A-31) comparing with CK. Correspondently, there were also no remarkable differences in RS content existed between transgenic and CK tubers at high temperature while the RS content of low temperature stored transgenic tubers decreased by 20 (Line A-17) to 80.5% (Line A-30). Further analysis revealed a significant linear relationship between IV activity and RS content of the transgenic tubers stored at low temperature which could be presented as RS = 0.289VI + 0.0736. Therefore, the present research approved that expression level of Nt-VIF was regulated by temperature and low temperature enhanced its expression which resulted in obvious inhibition of VI activity leading to a lower accumulation of RS in potato tubers. This implies a potential approach to slow RS accumulation of potato tubers during low temperature storage through regulating invertase activity.

By a way root injection and foliar spray with 50 mg·L-1 of salicylic acid (SA), the physiological responses of Cucumis sativus L. (cv. Xinjinyan No.4 ) on exogenous SA were studied under NaCl stress. The results showed that exogenous SA enhanced the accumulation of soluble sugar and proline (Fig.1), improved the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase (Fig.2), and decreased the malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage (Fig.3) in leaves, increased the water content of dry weight in whole plant under NaCl stress, thus effectively alleviated the inhibition of NaCl to seedling growth. These results suggested which exogenous SA has a important role on NaCl tolerance of cucumber seedlings via the osmotic regulation and antioxidation, water balance and membrane stability.

Abstract The study was conducted to investigate the effect of selecting parents of Eyan1 for nicotine conversion and to compare the effects on reducing converters in improved hybrids, LC-1 and LC-2 with the regular hybrid, which had high proportion of converters in the population. The results showed that through systemic selections for non-converters in the parent lines, the converters and the percent nicotine conversion were reduced greatly. Through 3generation selections, the proportion of converters in the population of B21 reduced to 0.0%to 0.5% from 70.7% in the original population, and for B37, reduced also to the same proportion from 10.9%. The proportions of total converters in the two improved hybrids were 5.0% and 11.6%, respectively, 9 and 4 times lower than the regular hybrid which had the proportion of 45.0%. The percent nicotine conversions of the two improved hybrids in the bulk samples were 2.14% and 3.13%, respectively, 4 and 2.4 times lower than the contract which had the number of 10.65%. The total TSNA contents in the two improved hybrids decreased 86.7% and 102.6% compared with regular hybrid, and the difference was mainly caused by NNN reduction, the percent decreases were 186.9% and 155.5%, respectively. Improved hybrids had better tobacco flavor quality than the regular bybrid, with increased burley style, enhanced aroma quality and quantity, and decreased offensive odor. Therefore the improved hybrids had high value of utilization in burley tobacco production.

The effects of nutrient deficiency on root architecture(RA) of young seedlings in M. hupehensis Rehd. are studied by the menthe of paper-culture. The research dates show the types of RA may be classified 8 types(A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H type). In complete Hogland solution, the main type of RA is “lateral roots gather above and middle of primary root”(C type), while under P, K or Ca-deficiency, the main type of RA is “lateral roots gather above primary root”(B type), and the C type of RA decreases. But when P-deficiency, the “lateral roots gather above and low of the primary root”(G type) increases, and the type of “lateral roots gather on the middle of primary root” (D type) decreases, and the types of RA become more; As K-deficiency, the type of “no lateral root”(A type) increases and D type decreases, and the percentages of A, B and C types are 97.9% in all, the types of RA become simple; Under Fe, Mg or Zn-deficiency, the main type of RA is C, but the “lateral roots well-distributed on primary root”(H type) increases. The main type of RA is H under N-deficiency, and the types of RA become more.

We measured tenderness on fresh meat at 24h,48h,72h and cooked meat at 72h after slaught by tenderometer(C-LM3,China) and texture analyzer (QTS25, CNS Franell,UK).a series of analysis and mathematical model suggested that tenderness of fresh meat at 24h after slaughter reflect its tenderness.And the method of measuring tenderness on fresh pork meat could apply to industry. A significant linear equation between tenderometer and texture analyzer was made,and it’s advantage for tenderometer to use in field work, while texture analyzer in scientific research for its so many parameters.

Abstract:The genetic distances between 6 parental lines of pig, which were Landrace (♂), Landrace (♀), Large White (♂), Large White (♀), Meishan (♂) and Meishan (♀), were detected with RAPD, and the heterosis percentages of 10 economic traits were also calculated for F1 generations of Meishan×Large White, Large White×Meishan, Landrace×Large White and Large White×Landrace. Correlative analyses were then performed between genetic distances and heterosis percentages. Results showed that genetic distances were positive correlated with heterosis percentage of average daily gain, ratio of feedstuff to lean meat, carcass yield and average backfat thickness, while negative correlated with that of lean percentage, ratio of lean meat to fat, lion eye area and skin percentage. Moreover, the correlations between genetic distance and ratio of feedstuff to meat, and between genetic distance and lion eye area were significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, correlation between genetic distance and heterosis percentage varied with different traits.

In the 90s’ gene therapy was occurred, closely associated with the development of animal medicine by analyzing animal disease models and probing many doubts. Recently, this newly borne method however was really used in veterinary clinical researches. Many experiments indicate that, if safety of the vectors used in gene therapy is unchallenged, gene therapy may be a powerful tool for prevention and treatment of main animal diseases and have extensive application prospects in veterinary medicine.

Abstract: The mastitis model in rat induced by Staphylococcus aureus infection was firstly established. The S. aureus suspension containing 2×105CFU/ml(SL group), 2×1012CFU/ml(SH group) and phosphate-buffered saline (CON group) 100μl/side were inoculated into the mammary glands of rats 72h after parturition respectively and all the rats were sacrificed at 24h postinfection(n=6). The histopathologic evaluations showed that the mammary gland in SL were characterized by lipid denaturation both in alveolus; the mammary gland structure in SH were seriously destructed, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were accumulated in alveoli. TNF-αand IL-6 in mammary gland from SH elevated significantly, however that in SL showed no significant variation. The 2×1012CFU/ml of Staphylococcus aureus were chose to evaluate the effect of CpG-DNA on mastitis . 72 lactating SD rats were randomly divided into control and treatment group. The 100μl of sterile 0.01M，pH7.2 PBS(control), CpG 200μg/rat(treatment group) were injected intramuscularly into tibialis anterior of the left leg after parturition(0h) respectively. Then 100μl /rat of bacterial suspension containing 2×1012CFU/ml(both group)of Staphylococcus aureus were inoculated into the fourth (two sides) mammary gland via the teat duct 72 hours after parturition respectively. Before and after 8h,16h,24h,48h and 72h (n=6)of inoculation, all the rats euthanatized and the mammary glands were harvested. CpG-DNA could elicit significant elevated TNF-αin mammary gland before infection, 24h and 72h postinfection. CpG-DNA could induce significant increase of IL-6 in mammary gland at 16h,24h and 48h postinfection. CpG-DNA induced significant decrease of viable bacteria at 8h,16h and 72h postinfection. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed that CpG-DNA induced higher level of TLR-9 mRNA in mammary gland than control. The result of the study showed that CpG-DNA induced more prompt migration of PMN from blood to mammary gland at the initial stage of Staphylococcus aureus infection, stimulated the secretion of cytokines,decreased bacteria counts in mammary gland and induced higher level of TLR-9 mRNA in mammary gland. The study indicated that to some extent the CpG-DNA protected against mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus infection in rat.

the IFN genes, which encode goose interferon γ mature protein, were cloned from total RNA was derived from PHA-stimulated-cultured (PBMCs) of goose by reverse transcription polymerrase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The amplified products of PCR were cloned into pMD18-T vector and sequenced. Compared with the published goose IFN-γ genes sequence, the homology of nucleotide sequence were 100.00%. The fragments of IFN-γ were subcloned into plasmid pET30a and transfer plasmid pMelBacA, pBlueBacHis2A, respectively. the purified recombinant baculovirus were obtained. goose interferon γ mature proteins were successfully expressed in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems, respectively. And prepared polyclonal antibodies against the products of the prokaryotic expression. There have the common antigenic between the products of prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. One of the biological activity of recombinant mature goose IFN-γ is the ability of activating macrophage of goose to generate nitric oxide(NO) was detected in vitro.

Abstract: Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) in eukaryotic has been classified into two major families on the basis of conserved motifs, the Box C/D and the Box H/ACA, which involved in pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) methylation and pseudouridylations, respectively. A computational screen of Box C/D RNAs in the silkworm genome identified 70 candidate snoRNAs, which were considered to guide 56 sites for methylation. By analyzing the positions and functional regions where snoRNAs located, results indicated that few snoRNA gene clusters in silkworm genome and that the snoRNA genes could diverse in any of the functional regions namely coding region, intergenic region and intron. Functional structures of snoRNA have also been annotated and we found the D' box and terminal stem were not conserved. Moreover, it suggested intronic snoRNAs lacks of canonical terminal stems possibly compensate with the flanking sequences. Similarity comparison of the sequences complementarity to rRNAs showed the possibility that Box C/D snoRNAs contain similar complementary sequences guiding methylation for the same type rRNAs. In addition, the homology analysis of the 70 Box C/D snoRNAs and those reported in Drosophilia melanogaster genome indicated the diversity on primary structure between the two species of animals. With computational screen, the report systematically analyzed the Box C/D snoRNAs in the whole genome of silkworm for the first time and may be helpful to study other non-coding RNAs.

Effect of three different soil types（gray damp soil，rice soil，Shajiang black soil） on the dynamic changes of starch accumulation and activities of five enzymes AGPP, UGPP, SSS, GBSS and SBE involved in starch synthesis was studied during grain filling of strong gluten wheat ZM 9023 on the condition of pond culture. Starch and components content was measured according to the method of double-wave length. AGPP and UGPP activities were tested according to the method described by Douglas et al，SSS、GBSS and SBE activities were tested according to the method described by Nakamura et al .The results indicated that the amylopectin synthesis was synchronous with as the amylose synthesis，and the amylopectin was synthetised faster than the amylose during the medium to later grain filling. The accumulating rates of amylopectin and starch in the kernel of gray damp soil were higher than that of other two soil types.The changes of five enzymes activities all came to be a single-peak curve, the peaks of AGPP, UGPP, SSS and SBE appeared in 18d after anthesis，but the peak of GBSS appeared in 24d after anthesis. The peaks of AGPP、SSS and SBE showed that “gray damp soil＞rice soil＞Shajiang black soil”, the peak of UGPP showed that “gray damp soil＞Shajiang black soil＞rice soil”，but the peak of GBSS indicated that “rice soil＞gray damp soil＞Shajiang black soil”. It stated that the gray damp soil and rice soil could help strong gluten wheat to synthetise starch. Correlation analysis showed that the activities of AGPP, UGPP, SSS, SBE in the kernel might be closely correlated with the amylopectin synthesis of strong gluten wheat in the gray damp soil, rice soil and Shajiang black soil.

Cell parameters of steamed bread crumb were obtained by digital image analysis (DIA), with the objective to evaluate the possibility of using computer machine vision for steamed bread quality evaluation. Three wheat cultivars, Weaver with strong gluten, Ningchun 4 with medium gluten, and Jing 411 with weak gluten were used. Three water addition levels based on farinograph's water absorption were used, thus 9 samples were included in this experiment. K-means algorithm was used to segmentation of steamed bread image. The total cell area, mean cell area and the number of cell were obtained as characters of steamed bread image. Results show that those characters are able to characterize the effect of water addition and gluten strength on steamed bread quality, i.e., with increase of water addition or gluten strength, the cell total area increases. This is corresponded with the change of steamed bread volume. Eleven samples were used to compare the results of machine vision with panel evaluation, and result indicates that it is feasible to evaluate steamed bread quality by computer machine vision.

Several typical supervised clustering methods, Gaussian mixture model-based supervised clustering (GMM), K-Nearest-Neighbor (KNN), binary support vector machines (SVMs) and multicategory support vector machines (MC-SVMs), were employed to classify the computer simulation data, yeast cell cycle microarray data and 60 human cancer cell lines (NCI-60) microarray data. False positive, false negative, true positive, true negative and clustering accuracy were compared among these methods. The results are as follows. (1) For classify thousands of gene expression data, the performances of two GMM methods have the maximal clustering accuracy and the least overall FP+FN error numbers based on the assumption that the whole set of microarray data is a finite mixture of multivariate Gaussian distributions. Furthermore, when the number of training sample is very small, the clustering accuracy of GMMⅡ method have superiority over GMMⅠ method. (2) In the general, the superior classification performance of the MC-SVMs are more robust and more practical, which are less sensitive to the curse of dimensionality and not only next to GMM method in clustering accuracy to thousands of gene expression data, but also more robustness to a small number of high-dimensional gene expression samples than other techniques. (3)Among MC-SVMs, in case of large sample sizes, OVO and DAGSVM perform better; In case of moderate sample sizes, five MC-SVMs methods perform very similar; Otherwise, OVR, WW and CS yield the better results when sample sizes are small. (4) A suggestion for the supervised clustering microarray data is that one should consider the data feature and experiment when choose an appropriate method. Two kinds of these methods should be trial calculation to obtain better clustering result.

A chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population, derived from the cross of Asominori and IR24 with Asominori as the recurrent parent, was planted and phenotyped for brown rice rate (BR), milled rice rate (MR) and head rice rate (HR) in four sites. QTL for milling quality were characterized and expression stability of these QTL was further investigated by using target CSSLs harboring certain QTL. The phenotypic values of these three traits all showed continuous distributions and transgressive segregations in the CSSL population across the four environments.. Meanwhile, a total of 30 QTL were identified for the three quality traits, among which four QTL, qMR-6、qMR-8、qHR-3 and qHR-6, were all consistently detected in the four different environments. Moreover, phenotypic values were different significantly (P<0.05) between Asominori and the target CSSLs harboring any of the four QTL alleles, indicating expression stability of the four QTL was relatively higher. In addition, QTL qMR-8、qBR-8b and qHR-8 were co-located in the G1149-R727 interval on chromosome 8 carrying a QTL cluster. Interestingly, many major QTL affecting rice eating, cooking, appearance and nutrient quality was also mapped into the QTL cluster in our previous studies. These results thus obtained provide us a good chance to elucidate the complex mechanism that formation of many rice quality traits was simultaneously controlled by a gene or a gene cluster on chromosome 8.

[Objective]Chromosome substitution lines between Chinese spring and Synthetic 6x under different water treatments were used to locate the gene controlling spikelet progress and drought tolerance.[Method]A series of spikelet differentiation progress were observed.[Result] The result indicated that spikelet progress of various substitution lines and that of parents, including spike and flower anlage periods, were almost alike. Under normal irrigation,2B substitution line is the latest in the progress of spikelet differentiation, 7D substitution line is the second, while Chinese spring and other substitution lines are the rapidest. The spikelet differentiation progress of 2D substitution line is much slower than Chinese spring and other substitution lines under drought condition.[Conclusin] It is concluded that the genes inhibiting spikelet differentiation may be located on 2B and 7D chromosome, and that the genes of drought tolerance may be located on 2D chromosome. The results can provide theoretic basis for the genetic and breeding research concerned with drought resistance and water saving.

: 【Objective】Waterlogging stress is one of the major problems in barley production especially in wetlands. Development of tolerant cultivars is the most cost efficient and environmentally safe way to overcome this problem. The objective of this study was to investigate suitable selection criteria for waterlogging tolerance in barley. 【Method】 165 DH lines derived from a barley cross（Yerong × Franklin) were analysed using principal component analysis, dynamic clustering and subordinate function based on the specimen correlation matrix of 12 traits, including plant height(PH), spike length (SL), the top 1st internode length(TFIL), spike per plant (SPP), grains per spike(GPS), grain weight per plant(GWPP), grains per plant(GPP), straw weight per plant(SWPP), weight of 1000 grains(WTG), number of green leaf (NGL) and Chlorophyll 1-2(Chl 1-2). 【Results】Three principal components and their functional equations, two for spike-grain factor and one for NGL factor, were used to identify lines for waterlogging tolerance, which led to the classification of 165 lines into 3 different levels of tolerance. 30, 93 and 42 lines were classified as waterlogging tolerant, medium tolerant and sensitive, respectively. 【Conclusion】The new selecting indices and comprehensive evaluation method provides a useful tool for further study on QTLs controlling waterlogging tolerance and selecting for waterlogging-tolerance in a breeding program.

【OBJECTIVE】Assessing the genetic diversity among tobacco accessions and analyzing the genetic relationships between various types of tobacco provide the essential information for the mining and utilization of tobacco germplasms;【METHOD】One hundred and nineteen tobacco accessions including various types of tobacco were used for ISSR analysis. The genetic similarity coefficients were estimated and cluster analysis was carried out using UPGMA method;【RESULTS】Six hundred and seventy-two bands, all of which were polymorphic, were amplified using 21 ISSR primers. Out of them, one hundred and sixteen bands were specific for N. tabacum. Pairwise genetic similarity coefficients among accessions in N. tabacum ranged from 0.779 to 0.945, with an average of 0.868. Among the flue-cured tobacco varieties, genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.812 to 0.933, with an average of 0.876. The tobacco accessions could be clustered into the different subgroups or classes according to the types of tobacco. The flue-cured tobacco accessions introduced from abroad were obviously not separated from the domestic accessions including landraces and varieties developed in China. There are low genetic similarity coefficients between the accessions in N. tabacum and other tobacco species. The species N. tabacum and its progenitor N. sylvestris were clustered into the same class, and N. longiflora and N. plumbaginifolia, both of which belong to the group Alatae of the subgenera Petunioides, were clustered into the same class. The results obtained in the ISSR dendrogram agreed with the presumed genetic differentiation;【CONCLUSION】There was low genetic diversity among the flue-cured tobacco germplasms in China. The germplasms clustered into the different subgroups or classes should be utilized in the selection of the parents. In order to widen the genetic base of the flue-cured tobacco varieties, the genetic potentials in the wild tobacco should be explored.

【Objective】 In order to study the characteristics of photosynthetic physiology of rice plants under different nitrogen form nutrition and water stress. 【Method】A hydroponic experiment with simulated water stress by PEG(6000) was conducted, the photosynthetic characters and Rubisco content and activity were studied by analyzing carboxylation efficiency (CE), total nitrogen content, soluble protein content and Rubisco content in newly expanded leaf of rice plants. 【Result】 The results showed that, under ammonium nutrition, there was no significant different CE of rice plant between water stress and non-water stress, while Rubisco activity was reduced 13.3% by water stress. However, under nitrate nutrition, both of CE and Rubisco content reduced under water stress, and Rubisco activity reduced 23.0%. Thus, the inhibitory effect on Rubisco activity (CE/Rubisco) of rice plants supplied with ammonium was lower than that of supplied with nitrate. Furthermore, water stress also increased total nitrogen content in newly expanded leaf of rice plants supplied with ammonium, while no effect under nitrate supply. Water stress increased soluble protein content in newly expanded leaf supplied with three nitrogen forms, although no significant effect on the ratio of Rubisco content to soluble protein under ammonium supply, decreased this ratio under nitrate supply. 【Conclusion】Inhibitory effect of water stress on photosynthetic efficiency of rice plants supplied with ammonium was lower than that of supplied with nitrate.

【Objective】To develope an efficient and higher resolution 2-DE procedure for future wheat leaf proteome research.【Method】Sample preparation is carried out according to two protocols modified from former researchers,following 2-DE and MS analysis. 【Result】These two protocols presented here are efficient protein extraction methods,and both are compatible with MS analysis.【Conclusion】The results indicate that both protein extraction protocols utilized are useful in wheat leaf proteome research.

Abstract: 【Objective】To study the dynamics of enzyme activities, which play important roles during cotton fiber development, and its relationship with fiber strength, and provide studying basis for the ways of physiological adjusting to improve fiber strength, 【Method】field experiments were carried out in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province (the Yangtze River region in China) in 2004 and 2005 by choosing three genotype cottons with significant differences in fiber strength as materials. The study focused on the time course of sucrose synthetase, β-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase and IAA oxidase activities during the secondary wall thickening in cotton fiber. The boll samples were collected from the first and second fruiting positions of 6 to 8 sympodial branchs. 【Result】The results showed that β-1,3-glucanase activity continuously decreased during the secondary wall thickening in cotton fiber. The activity curves of other enzymes (sucrose synthetase, peroxidase and IAA oxidase) were all unimodal and they might have a certain synergistic effect during fiber thickening development. However, there were obviously differences among three genotypes in the levels of enzyme activities and occurrence time of the peak. The cultivar (Kemian 1), which produced high strength fiber, had higher peak value of the related enzyme (sucrose synthetase, β-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase and IAA oxidase) activities, and slower descend trend subsequently. These resulted in a longer and more tempered cellulose accumulation, and in the wider range and longer period of fiber strength increase. While the cultivars (Dexiamian 1 and Sumian 15), which produced lower strength fibers, the items were just the contrary. And the cultivar (NuCOTN 33B), which produced medium strength fiber, the items were intervenient.【Conclusion】There are significant differences in the related enzymes activities among different genotypes. And that may be one of important factors which lead to the great difference in the characteristics of cellulose accumulation and the fiber strength formation in different genotype cottons.

Abstract: 【Objective】Accumulation law of anthocyanin in developing root and the relationship between the law and major economic traits in purple-fleshed sweetpotato ( Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam ) were studied in present paper. 【Method】The dynamics of 20 kinds of economic traits in 13 purple-fleshed sweetpotato varieties at 20d, 40d, 60d, 80d, 100d, 120d and140d after their transplanting were investigated, these traits included anthocyanin content in root, length of the longest stem, number of base branches, root number, dry matter contents in stem, foliage and root, fresh and dry yields of root, fresh and dry yields of stem, fresh and dry yields of foliage, fresh and dry yields of vine, fresh and dry yields of whole plant, and rations of photosynthate to root, to stem and to foliage. The correlationships of anthocyanin content with other 19 economic traits in varieties and whole developmental stages were analyzed. So as the correlationships of daily growth rate of anthocyanin content with other daily growth rates of 10 kinds of yields. 【Result】 (1) There were three types of anthocyanin accumulation in these purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes, that is slowly increasing, fluctuating and devious ascending. (2) Anthocyanin content had significant negatively correlationships with the number of base branches, fresh and dry yields of root, ration of photosynthate to root，and had significant positive correlationships with dry matter content of root, length of the longest stem, fresh and dry yields of stem,, dry yield of whole plant and ration of photosynthate to foliage, and had no significant correlationships with other economic traits among purple-fleshed sweetpotato varieties. (3) Purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes belonging to different types of anthocyanin accumulation had different responses to the growth of length of the longest stem, number of base branches, fresh and dry yields of root and photosynthate allotments, and had no responses to the growth of other economic traits during whole developmental stages. (4) Because of the significant negative correlationship between daily growth rates of anthocyanin content and dry matter yield of root, the anthocyanin accumulation competed with dry matter accumulation for photosynthate in root, and the competitive relation was resolved in different way in different purple-fleshed sweet potato varieties.【Conclusion】The three types of anthocyanin accumulation in purple-fleshed sweetpotato can be demonstrated by the their different responses to the growth of economic traits , the competitive relations in accumulations of anthocyanin and dry matter in root, and their different settling ways of these competitive relations. The anthocyanin accumulation characteristics will give scientific proofs for the further research, breeding, cultivation and industrialization of purple-fleshed sweetpotato.

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xooc) cause bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS) in rice (Oryza sativa)，respectively, which constrain production of this staple crop in China and the world. According to bioinformatics of the genome sequence of Xoo and other recent reports, there are 15-30 avrBs3/PthA (avr/pth) genes in Xoo and Xooc. Recent research results suggest that avr/pth genes are not only involved in virulence when there are no corresponding R gene in rice, but also in suppressing plant innate immunity for hypersensitive response, and in avirulence when there are matching R genes in rice. Despite of avr/pth genes existing Xooc, no R genes were found for BLS in rice, assuming that there are defense inhibitors in Xooc. Members of avr/pth family genes are remarkably similar. However, the main difference is in the number and apparent nature of near-identical 102-base-pair direct repeats in the central portion of the coding sequence. In this review, we postulated that the evolution of the avr/pth genes might occur from the simple to the complex. This may elucidate the pathogenicity differentiation of Xoo and Xooc in rice.

【Objective】Jujube witches’ broom (JWB) is a destructive disease caused by a phytoplasma，that happened in the twenty-five provinces(cities) of china, brought largely economic loss. 【Method】Jujube witches’ broom and wild jujube witches’ broom were investigated in Binxian，Yanliang，Wugong，Yangling，Jiaxian of Shaanxi, Cangzhou of Hebei, Xinxiang of Henan. The 16SrDNA and tuf gene were cloned by polymerase chain reaction from samples of JWB and wild jujube witches’ broom, and sequenced.【Results】The 1239bp and 845bp DNA fragement were amplified in DNA samples not only from infected jujube but also from infected wild jujube. it is found that 16SrDNA is 1239bp, tuf gene is 845bp. The Homology analysis for sequences of 16SrDNA and tuf gene shows that pathogens from Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan are same, and belong to 16SrⅤ-B group. Because there are five differential nucleotides in 16SrDNA between JWB and wild jujube witches’ broom , and homology rate of nucleotide sequences of tuf gene is 91%, we can estimate that wild jujube witches’ broom is infected by different strain of JWB pathogen. 【Conclusion】This article reported sequences of JWB and wild jujube witches’ broom phytoplasmas firstly, and differentiate and classify phytoplasma of JWB and wild jujube witches’ broom. which can provide theory for research of the molecular nosogenesis of JWB phytoplasma and genetic basis.