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Special Issue:
食品科学合辑Food Science
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The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice
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REN Chuan-ying1, 2, LU Shu-wen2, GUAN Li-jun2, HONG Bin2, ZHANG Ying-lei2, HUANG Wen-gong3, LI Bo2, LIU Wei4, LU Wei-hong1
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1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, P.R.China
2 Food Processing Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, P.R.China
3 Safety and Quality Institute of Agricultural Products, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, P.R.China
4 The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, P.R.China
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摘要
本研究以华北玉麦轮作农田石灰性土壤为研究对象，针对玉米和小麦季的两次施肥事件，采用15N气体通量法（15NGF）对田间原位土壤N2通量进行为期一周的观测。施用肥料为15N标记尿素（丰度为99 atom％），施用量为130（玉米季）和150（小麦季）kg N ha–1；并于施肥后的第一、三和五天（缩写DAF 1、DAF 3和DAF 5）进行模拟灌水，控制灌水后土壤湿度达~60% WFPS。结果显示：当罩箱时间为2、4和6 h时，土壤N2通量的检测限分别为163–1565、81–485和54–281 μg N m–2 h–1。土壤N2通量为159–2943（平均：811）μg N m–2 h–1，98.3%的通量数据高于其检测限（即120个观测数据中仅2个达不到通量检测限）。灌溉时间显著影响玉米季观测期内的土壤N2平均通量，DAF 3处理较DAF 1和DAF 5处理高约80%（p<0.01）；而在小麦季，不同灌溉时间的N2通量无差异。而且，玉米季观测期内的N2通量和氧化亚氮（N2O）与N2产物比（N2O/(N2O+N2)）均较小麦季高约65%和11倍（p<0.01）。该差异主要归因于玉米季观测期内更高的土壤湿度、温度和氮底物的有效性，利用反硝化贡献N2排放和N2O/（N2O+N2）比值。该研究表明15NGF方法可应用于原位定量集约化石灰性农田土壤的N2通量。
Abstract
Germination and processing are always accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic compositions of rice. In this study, polished rice (rice), brown rice, wet germinated brown rice (WGBR), high temperature and pressure-treated WGBR (WGBR-HTP), and low temperature-treated WGBR (WGBR-T18) were enrolled. An untargeted metabolomics assay isolated 6 122 positive ions and 4 224 negative ions (multiple difference ≥1.2 or ≤0.8333, P<0.05, and VIP≥1) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrum. These identified ions were mainly classified into three categories, including the compounds with biological roles, lipids, and phytochemical compounds. In addition to WGBR-T18 vs. WGBR, massive differential positive and negative ions were revealed between rice of different forms. Flavonoids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and organoxygen compounds were the dominant differential metabolites. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, there 7 metabolic pathways (phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, betalain biosynthesis, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism) were determined between brown rice and rice. Germination changed the metabolic pathways of porphyrin and chlorophyll, pyrimidine, and purine metabolisms in brown rice. In addition, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism were differential metabolic pathways between WGBR-HTP and WGBR-T18. To sum up, there were obvious variations in metabolic compositions of rice, brown rice, WGBR, and WGBR-HTP. The changes of specific metabolites, such as flavonoids contributed to the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects of GBR. HTP may further improve the nutrition and storage of GBR through influencing specific metabolites, such as flavonoids and fatty acids.
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Received: 06 January 2022
Accepted: 26 May 2022
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| Fund: This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD2100902), the Major Science and Technology Program of Heilongjiang, China (2019ZX08B02), the Research Funding for Scientific Research Institutes in Heilongjiang Province, China (CZKYF2021B001), the National Rice Industry Technology System, China (CARS-01-50), and the Heilongjiang Touyan Team, China (HITTY-20190034). |
| About author: REN Chuan-ying, E-mail: chuanying1023@163.com; Correspondence LU Wei-hong, E-mail: lwh@hit.edu.cn |
Cite this article:
REN Chuan-ying, LU Shu-wen, GUAN Li-jun, HONG Bin, ZHANG Ying-lei, HUANG Wen-gong, LI Bo, LIU Wei, LU Wei-hong.
2022.
The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice
. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21(9): 2767-2776.
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