|
|
|
|
|
| The effects of the unsaturated degree of long-chain fatty acids on the rumen microbial protein content and the activities of transaminases and dehydrogenase in vitro |
| GAO Jian, JING Yu-jia, WANG Meng-zhi, SHI Liang-feng, LIU Shi-min |
1、College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China
2、Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia |
|
|
|
摘要 This study investigated the effects of the degree of unsaturation (unsaturity) of long-chain fatty acids on microbial protein content and the activities of transaminases and dehydrogenase in vitro using goat rumen fluid as the cultural medium. Six types of fatty acids, stearic acid (C18:0, group A, control group), oleic acid (C18:1, n-9, group B), linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6, group C), α-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-3, group D), arachidonic acid (C20:4, n-6, group E), and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3, group F), were tested, and the inclusion ratio of each fatty acid was 3% (w/w) in total of culture substrate. Samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h, respectively, during culture for analyses. Compared with stearic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid increased the bacterial protein content, while oleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid had no significant effects; the protozoal protein content was reduced for all the unsaturated fatty acids, and the magnitude of the reduction appeared to be associated with the degree of unsaturity of fatty acids. The total microbial protein content was dominantly accounted by the protozoal protein content (about 4–9 folds of the bacterial protein), and only increased by linoleic acid, but reduced by oleic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. There were no significant effects in the activities of both glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) for all the other fatty acids, except for arachidonic acid which enhanced GOT activity and oleic acid which enhanced GPT activity. The total dehydrogenase activity was positively correlated with the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. In conclusion, the inclusion of 3% of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids increased bacterial protein content, whereas reduced protozoal protein content and enhanced dehydrogenase activity. The fatty acids with more than three double bonds had detrimental effects on the microbial protein content. This work demonstrates for the first time the effect rule of the unsaturation degree of long-chain fatty acids on the rumen microbial protein in vitro.
Abstract This study investigated the effects of the degree of unsaturation (unsaturity) of long-chain fatty acids on microbial protein content and the activities of transaminases and dehydrogenase in vitro using goat rumen fluid as the cultural medium. Six types of fatty acids, stearic acid (C18:0, group A, control group), oleic acid (C18:1, n-9, group B), linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6, group C), α-linolenic acid (C18:3, n-3, group D), arachidonic acid (C20:4, n-6, group E), and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3, group F), were tested, and the inclusion ratio of each fatty acid was 3% (w/w) in total of culture substrate. Samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h, respectively, during culture for analyses. Compared with stearic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid increased the bacterial protein content, while oleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid had no significant effects; the protozoal protein content was reduced for all the unsaturated fatty acids, and the magnitude of the reduction appeared to be associated with the degree of unsaturity of fatty acids. The total microbial protein content was dominantly accounted by the protozoal protein content (about 4–9 folds of the bacterial protein), and only increased by linoleic acid, but reduced by oleic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. There were no significant effects in the activities of both glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) for all the other fatty acids, except for arachidonic acid which enhanced GOT activity and oleic acid which enhanced GPT activity. The total dehydrogenase activity was positively correlated with the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. In conclusion, the inclusion of 3% of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids increased bacterial protein content, whereas reduced protozoal protein content and enhanced dehydrogenase activity. The fatty acids with more than three double bonds had detrimental effects on the microbial protein content. This work demonstrates for the first time the effect rule of the unsaturation degree of long-chain fatty acids on the rumen microbial protein in vitro.
|
|
Received: 26 December 2014
Accepted:
|
| Fund: This work was financially supported by the Innovation Foundation for Undergraduate of Yangzhou University, China (201311117034), the Domestic Cooperative Innovation of Industry-University-Research (XT20140012), and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), China. |
|
Corresponding Authors:
WAnG Meng-zhi,E-mail: mengzhiwangyz@126.com
E-mail: mengzhiwangyz@126.com
|
| About author: GAO Jian, E-mail: gaojianyzu@126.com; JInG Yu-jia,E-mail: 873432484@qq.com;* These authors contributed equally to this study. |
Cite this article:
GAO Jian, JING Yu-jia, WANG Meng-zhi, SHI Liang-feng, LIU Shi-min.
2016.
The effects of the unsaturated degree of long-chain fatty acids on the rumen microbial protein content and the activities of transaminases and dehydrogenase in vitro. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(2): 424-431.
|
| Bach A, Stern M D. 1999. Effects of different levels of methionineand ruminally undegradable protein on the amino acid profileof effluent from continuous culture fermenters. Journal ofAnimal Science, 77, 3377-3384Benchaar C, Petit H V, Berthiaume R, Ouellet D R, Chiquette J,Chouinard P Y. 2007. Effects of essential oils on digestion,ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milkproduction, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfasilage or corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 886-897Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo P W, Castillejos L, FerretA. 2007. Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers ofrumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science,90, 2580-2595Cieslak A, Váradyová Z, Kišidayová S, Szumacher-StrabelM. 2009. The effects of linoleic acid on the fermentationparameters, population density, and fatty-acid profile oftwo rumen ciliate cultures, Entodinium caudatum andDiploplastron affine. Acta Protozoologica, 48, 51-61Clark J H, Klusmeyer T H, Cameron M R. 1992. Symposium:nitrogen metabolism and amino acid nutrition in dairy cattle.Journal of Dairy Science, 75, 2304-2323Chalupa W, Rickabaugh B, Kronfeld D, Sklan D. 1984. Rumenfermentation in vitro as influenced by long chain fatty acids.Journal of Dairy Science, 67, 1439-1444Cheng M J, Lu D X, Wang H R, Wang G, Zhao X Y, Zhang H Y,Guo W H. 2004. Studies on the effect of different peptides onruminal bacterial protein yield in the culture. Acta Veterinariaet Zootechnica Sinica, 35, 1-5 (in Chinese)Dijkstra J, Gerrits W J J, Bannink A, France J. 2000. Modellinglipid metabolism in the rumen. In: Mcnamara J P, FranceJ, Beever D E, eds., Modelling Nutrient Utilization in FarmAnimals. CABI Publishing, England. pp. 25-36Dror B Y, Mayevsky A, Bondi A. 1969. Some effects of starchon protein utilization by sheep. British Journal of Nutrition,23, 727-735Jal? D, ?erešňáková Z. 2002. Effect of plant oil and malateon rumen fermentation in vitro. Czech Journal of AnimalScience, 47, 106-111Jal? D, ?ertik M, Kundrikova K, Kubelkova P. 2009. Effectof microbial oil and fish oil on rumen fermentation andmetabolism of fatty acids in artificial rumen. Czech Journalof Animal Science, 54, 229-237Jal? D, Kišidayová S, nerud F. 2002. Effect of plant oilsand organic acids on rumen fermentation in vitro. FoliaMicrobiologica, 47, 171-177Jenkins T C. 1993. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Journal ofDairy Science, 76, 3851-3863Liu C L, Li J. 2005. Effects of Sarsa-saponine on enzyme activityand protozoa number in the rumen of sheep. Journal of Southwest Agricultural University (natural Science), 27,214-218 (in Chinese)Machmüller A, Ossowski D A, Wanner M, Kreuzer M. 1998.Potential of various fatty feeds to reduce methane releasefrom rumen fermentation in vitro (Rusitec). Animal FeedScience and Technology, 71, 117-130Mcginn S M, Beauchemin K A, Coates T. 2004. Methaneemissions from beef cattle: Effects of monensin, sunfloweroil, enzymes, yeast, and fumaric acid. Journal of AnimalScience, 82, 3346-3356Menke K H, Steingass H. 1988. Estimation of the energeticfeed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitrogas production using rumen fluid. Animal ResearchDevelopment, 28, 7-55nangia O, Rila P. 1994. Rumen digestion in the absence ofciliate protozoa by using colon seed oil as defaunatingagent in buffaloes. Journal of Dairy Science, 47, 350-356Potu R B, Abu-Ghazaleh A A, Hastings D, Jones K, Ibrahim SA. 2011. The effect of lipid supplements on ruminal bacteriain continuous culture fermenters varies with the fatty acidcomposition. The Journal of Microbiology, 49, 216-223Sun S, Guo Z, Yang R, Sheng Z, Cao P. 2014. Study on thetriphenyl tetrazolium chloride-dehydrogenase activity (TTCDHA)method in determination of bioactivity for treatingtomato paste wastewater. African Journal of Biotechnology,11, 7055-7062Tarafdar J C. 2003. 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)as electron acceptor of culturable soil bacteria, fungi andactinomycetes. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 38, 186-189Wang M Z, Cheng X, Xie W W, Zhang B L, Liu X, Wang H R.2010. Effects of different oils on bacteria recycling due topredation by rumen protozoa in vitro. Scientia AgriculturaSinica, 43, 3831-3837(in Chinese)Wang M Z, Wang H R, Li G X, Zhang J. 2008. Effects of limitingamino acids on the rumen fermentation and microbialcommunity in vitro. Agricultural Sciences in China, 7,1524-1531Wang M Z, Wang H R, Yu L H. 2009. Effects of nDF content onprotozoal community and grazing rate in rumen. Journal ofAnimal and Veterinary Advances, 8, 1746-1752Welch J G, Hooper A P. 1993. Ingestion of feed and water.The ruminant animal digestive physiology and nutrition.In: Prospect Heights Illinois. Waveland Press, USA. pp.108-116Zhang C M, Guo Y Q, Yuan Z P, Wang J K, Liu J X, Zhu W Y.2008. Effect of octadeca carbon fatty acids on microbialfermentation, methanogenesis and microbial flora in vitro.Animal Feed Science and Technology, 146, 259-269Zhang C M, Yi X W, Yuan Z P, Liu J X, Zhu W Y. 2008.Effects of adding mixtures of linoleic acid and linolenicacid with different proportions on rumen fermentationand methanogenesis in vitro. Chinese Journal of AnimalNutrition, 20, 223-227 |
| No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
