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An odorant receptor from Spodoptera frugiperda is tuned to the plant volatile linalyl acetate

Xiaoqing Wang1, Yutong Zhang1, Lei Liu1, 2, Yujie Yang1, Yang Liu1#

1 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China

2 Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

 Highlights 

· An odorant receptor SfruOR37 in Spodoptera frugiperda robustly responds to linalyl acetate. 

· Several non-conserved residues in SfruOR37 mediated the binding affinity to linalyl acetate.

· Linalyl acetate trigger robust EAG responses and a clear repellent effect on adult S. frugiperda.

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摘要  

昆虫依赖高度专一的嗅觉系统调控其关键行为,其中气味受体在气味分子识别中起核心作用。草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)是一种全球性重大农业害虫,但其气味受体的配体响应谱尚不明确。本研究聚焦草地贪夜蛾气味受体SfruOR37的功能解析,该受体与棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera中已知响应植物挥发物(±-樟脑的HarmOR50直系同源。组织表达分析表明,SfruOR37在雌、雄成虫触角中特异性表达。通过非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)卵母细胞表达系统进行配体筛选,鉴定出乙酸芳樟酯为SfruOR37的高效激活剂为解析受体与配体结合机制我们进行了分子对接与分子动力学模拟,发现S151Y155Y325等非保守残基可能构成SfruOR37结合口袋的关键位点,从而介导了与乙酸芳樟酯的特异性结合草地贪夜蛾触角电位electroantennogram,EAG试验表明乙酸芳樟酯能有效激活雌、雄蛾触角电位反应。进一步行为学实验显示,乙酸芳樟酯对草地贪夜蛾成虫显著的驱避作用。本研究结果揭示了鳞翅目昆虫保守气味受体在进化过程中的功能分化及其在嗅觉编码中的生态学意义。研究明确了乙酸芳樟酯作为草地贪夜蛾行为调节剂的作用,为发展基于气味信号的绿色防控策略提供了理论依据。



Abstract  

Insects depend on sophisticated olfactory systems for essential behaviors, with odorant receptors (ORs) lying at the core of odor detection. Spodoptera frugiperda is a major global agricultural pest, but the response profiles of its ORs remain largely unresolved. Here we focused on the functional characterization of SfruOR37 in S. frugiperda, an ortholog of Helicoverpa armigera HarmOR50 – which responds to (±)-camphor, an important plant volatile. Tissue expression analysis showed that SfruOR37 is specific expressed in the antennae of both sexes. Using Xenopus laevis oocytes, we functionally screened candidate ligands and identified linalyl acetate as the most potent activator of SfruOR37. To elucidate the binding mechanism between this receptor and its ligand, we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulations, which highlighted several non-conserved residues (notably S151, Y155, and Y325) likely shaping the SfruOR37 binding pocket and mediating the binding affinity to linalyl acetate. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings demonstrated that linalyl acetate effectively elicits significant electrophysiological responses in adult antennae. In behavioral assays, linalyl acetate elicited a pronounced repellent effect on adult S. frugiperda. Together, our results illuminate how conserved ORs can diverge functionally within Lepidoptera and how such divergence contributes to ecologically relevant olfactory coding. Finally, by establishing linalyl acetate as a behaviorally active repellent for S. frugiperda, this study provides a theoretical basis for developing odorant-based, eco-friendly pest control strategies.

Keywords:  Spodoptera frugiperda       odorant receptor        linalyl acetate        repellent        molecular docking        molecular dynamics simulations  
Online: 10 March 2026  
Fund: 

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32572938 and 32272540), and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-CSCB-202302). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

About author:  Xiaoqing Wang, E-mail: 18511602133@163.com; #Correspondence Yang Liu, E-mail: yangliu@ippcaas.cn

Cite this article: 

Xiaoqing Wang, Yutong Zhang, Lei Liu, Yujie Yang, Yang Liu. 2026. An odorant receptor from Spodoptera frugiperda is tuned to the plant volatile linalyl acetate. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.03.012

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