Please wait a minute...
Journal of Integrative Agriculture  2015, Vol. 14 Issue (5): 847-855    DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60858-3
Physiology·Biochemistry·Cultivation·Tillage Advanced Online Publication | Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search |
Superior grains determined by grain weight are not fully correlated with the flowering order in rice
 PENG Ting, LÜ Qiang, ZHAO Ya-fan, SUN Hong-zheng, HAN Ying-chun, DU Yan-xiu, ZHANG Jing, LI Jun-zhou, WANG Lin-lin, ZHAO Quan-zhi
1、Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R.China
2、Research Center for Rice Engineering in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P.R.China
3、College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, P.R.China
Download:  PDF in ScienceDirect  
Export:  BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      
摘要  Rice panicles are composed of many branches with two types of extreme grains, the superior and the inferior. Traditionally, it has been well accepted that earlier flowers result in superior grains and late flowers generate inferior grains. However, these correlations have never been strictly examined in practice. In order to determine the accurate relationship between superior and inferior grains and the flowering order, we localized all the seeds in a panicle in four distinct rice species and systematically documented the rice flowering order, flower locations and the final grain weight for their relationships. Our results demonstrated that the grain weight is more heavily determined by the position of the seeds than by the flowering order. Despite earlier flowering has a positive correlation with the grain weight in general, grains from flowers blooming on the second day after anthesis generally gained the highest weight. This suggests earlier flowers may not result in superior grains. Therefore, we concluded that superior and inferior grains, commonly determined by grain weight, are not fully correlated with the flowering order in rice. Following the order of the grain weight, the superior grains are generally localized at the middle parts of the primary branches, whereas inferior grains were mainly on the last two secondary branches of the lower half part of the panicle. In addition, the weight of inferior grains were affected by spikelet thinning and spraying with exogenous plant growth regulators, indicating that physiological incompetence might be the major reason for the occurrence of the inferior grains.

Abstract  Rice panicles are composed of many branches with two types of extreme grains, the superior and the inferior. Traditionally, it has been well accepted that earlier flowers result in superior grains and late flowers generate inferior grains. However, these correlations have never been strictly examined in practice. In order to determine the accurate relationship between superior and inferior grains and the flowering order, we localized all the seeds in a panicle in four distinct rice species and systematically documented the rice flowering order, flower locations and the final grain weight for their relationships. Our results demonstrated that the grain weight is more heavily determined by the position of the seeds than by the flowering order. Despite earlier flowering has a positive correlation with the grain weight in general, grains from flowers blooming on the second day after anthesis generally gained the highest weight. This suggests earlier flowers may not result in superior grains. Therefore, we concluded that superior and inferior grains, commonly determined by grain weight, are not fully correlated with the flowering order in rice. Following the order of the grain weight, the superior grains are generally localized at the middle parts of the primary branches, whereas inferior grains were mainly on the last two secondary branches of the lower half part of the panicle. In addition, the weight of inferior grains were affected by spikelet thinning and spraying with exogenous plant growth regulators, indicating that physiological incompetence might be the major reason for the occurrence of the inferior grains.
Keywords:  rice       flowering order       grain weight       grain position       inferior grains       superior grains  
Received: 14 April 2014   Accepted: 13 May 2015
Fund: 

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271651) and the projects from Rice Industrial Technology System in Henan Province, China (S2012-04-02).

Corresponding Authors:  ZHAO Quan-zhi, Tel: +86-371-63558293,Fax: +86-371-63558122, E-mail: qzzhaoh@126.com     E-mail:  qzzhaoh@126.com
About author:  * These authors contributed equally to this study

Cite this article: 

PENG Ting, Lü Qiang, ZHAO Ya-fan, SUN Hong-zheng, HAN Ying-chun, DU Yan-xiu, ZHANG Jing, LI Jun-zhou, WANG Lin-lin, ZHAO Quan-zhi. 2015. Superior grains determined by grain weight are not fully correlated with the flowering order in rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14(5): 847-855.

Fitzgerald M A, Mccouch S R, Hall R D. 2009. Not just a grainof rice: the quest for quality. Trends in Plant Science, 143,133-139

Ishimaru T, Hirose T, Matsuda T, Goto A, Takahashi K,Sasaki H, Terao T, Ishii R, Ohsugi R, Yamagishi T. 2005.Expression patterns of genes encoding carbohydratemetabolizingenzymes and their relationship to grain fillingin rice (Oryza sativa L.): comparison of caryopses locatedat different positions in a panicle. Plant Cell Physiolog,464, 620-628

Ishimaru T, Matsuda T, Ohsugi R, Yamagishi T. 2003.Morphological development of rice caryopses located at thedifferent positions in a panicle from early to middle stageof grain ?lling. Functional Plant Biology, 30, 1139-1149

Mohapatra P, Patel R, Sahu S. 1993. Time of flowering affectsgrain quality and spikelet partitioning within the rice panicle.Functional Plant Biology, 202, 231-241

Panda B B, Kariali E, Panigrahi R, Mohapatra P K. 2009.High ethylene production slackens seed filling in compactpanicled rice cultivar: Plant Growth Regulation, 582,141-151

Tang T, Xie H, Wang Y, Lu B, Liang J. 2009. The effect ofsucrose and abscisic acid interaction on sucrose synthase and its relationship to grain filling of rice (Oryza sativa L.).Journal of Experimental Botany, 609, 2641-2652

Wang F, Chen S, Cheng F, Liu Y, Zhang G. 2007. Thedifferences in grain weight and quality within a rice (Oryzasativa L.) panicle as affected by panicle type and sourcesinkrelation. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,1931, 63-73

Wang F, Cheng F, Zhang G. 2006. The relationship betweengrain filling and hormone content as affected by genotypeand source-sink relation. Plant Growth Regulation, 491, 1-8

Wang Z, Xu Y, Wang J, Yang J, Zhang J. 2012. Polyamine andethylene interactions in grain filling of superior and inferiorspikelets of rice. Plant Growth Regulation, 66, 1-14

Wei F, Tao H, Lin S, Bouman B, Zhang L, Wang P, Dittert K.2011. Rate and duration of grain filling of aerobic rice HD297and their influence on grain yield under different growingconditions. Journal Science Asia, 37, 98-104

Xing Y, Zhang Q. 2010. Genetic and molecular bases of riceyield. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61, 421-442

Yang J. 2010. Mechanism and regulation in the filling of inferiorspikelets of rice. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 3612, 2011-2019

Yang J, Peng S, Visperas R M, Sanico A L, Zhu Q, Gu S. 2000.Grain filling pattern and cytokinin content in the grains androots of rice plants. Plant Growth Regulation, 303, 261-270

Yang J, Yunying C, Zhang H, Liu L, Zhang J. 2008. Involvementof polyamines in the post-anthesis development of inferiorand superior spikelets in rice. Planta, 2281, 137-149

Yang J, Zhang J. 2010. Grain-filling problem in ‘super’ rice.Journal of Experimental Botany, 611, 1-5

Yang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Liu K, Wang P. 2006. Postanthesisdevelopment of inferior and superior spikeletsin rice in relation to abscisic acid and ethylene. Journal ofExperimental Botany, 571, 149-160

Zhang H, Li H, Yuan L, Wang Z, Yang J, Zhang J. 2012.Post-anthesis alternate wetting and moderate soil dryingenhances activities of key enzymes in sucrose-tostarchconversion in inferior spikelets of rice. Journal ofExperimental Botany, 631, 215-227

Zhang H, Tan G, Wang Z, Yang J, Zhang J. 2009a. Ethyleneand ACC levels in developing grains are related to thepoor appearance and milling quality of rice. Plant GrowthRegulation, 581, 85-96

Zhang H, Tan G, Yang L, Yang J, Zhang J, Zhao B. 2009b.Hormones in the grains and roots in relation to post-anthesisdevelopment of inferior and superior spikelets in japonica/indica hybrid rice. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 473,195-204

Zhang Z, Chen J, Lin S, Li Z, Cheng R, Fang C, Chen H, LinW. 2012. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic determinationof ABA’s effects on grain-filling of Oryza sativa L. inferiorspikelets. Plant Science, 185-186, 259–273

Zhu G, Ye N, Yang J, Peng X, Zhang J. 2011. Regulation ofexpression of starch synthesis genes by ethylene andABA in relation to the development of rice inferior andsuperior spikelets. Journal of Experimental Botany, 6211,3907-3916

Zhu Q, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Hui D. 1995. Study on indicators ofgrain filling of rice: Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural College,162, 1–4. (in Chinese)
[1] Kanokwan KAEWMUNGKUN, Keasinee TONGMARK, Sriprapai CHAKHONKAEN, Numphet SANGARWUT, Thiwawan WASINANON, Natjaree PANYAWUT, Khanittha DITTHAB, Kannika SIKAEWTUNG, QI Yong-bin, Sukanya DAPHA, Atikorn PANYA, Natthaporn PHONSATTA, Amorntip MUANGPROM. Development of new aromatic rice lines with high eating and cooking qualities[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(3): 679-690.
[2] CAO Peng-hui, WANG Di, GAO Su, LIU Xi, QIAO Zhong-ying, XIE Yu-lin, DONG Ming-hui, DU Tan-xiao, ZHANG Xian, ZHANG Rui, JI Jian-hui. OsDXR interacts with OsMORF1 to regulate chloroplast development and the RNA editing of chloroplast genes in rice[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(3): 669-678.
[3] WANG Yuan-zheng, Olusegun IDOWU, WANG Yun, HOMMA Koki, NAKAZAKI Tetsuya, ZHENG Wen-jing, XU Zheng-jin, SHIRAIWA Tatsuhiko. Interaction effect of erect panicle genotype and environment on rice yield and yield components[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(3): 716-726.
[4] REN Chuan-ying, ZHANG Shan, HONG Bin, GUAN Li-jun, HUANG Wen-gong, FENG Jun-ran, SHA Di-xin, YUAN Di, LI Bo, JI Ni-na, LIU Wei, LU Shu-wen. Germinated brown rice relieves hyperlipidemia by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(3): 945-957.
[5] WANG Fei-bing, WAN Chen-zhong, NIU Hao-fei, QI Ming-yang, LI Gang, ZHANG Fan, HU Lai-bao, YE Yu-xiu, WANG Zun-xin, PEI Bao-lei, CHEN Xin-hong, YUAN Cai-yuan.

OsMas1, a novel maspardin protein gene, confers tolerance to salt and drought stresses by regulating ABA signaling in rice [J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(2): 341-359.

[6] ZHANG Xi-juan, LAI Yong-cai, MENG Ying, TANG Ao, DONG Wen-jun, LIU You-hong, LIU Kai, WANG Li-zhi, YANG Xian-li, WANG Wen-long, DING Guo-hua, JIANG Hui, REN Yang, JIANG Shu-kun. Analyses and identifications of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes controlling mesocotyl elongation in rice[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(2): 325-340.
[7] TIAN Jin-yu, LI Shao-ping, CHENG Shuang, LIU Qiu-yuan, ZHOU Lei, TAO Yu, XING Zhi-peng, HU Ya-jie, GUO Bao-wei, WEI Hai-yan, ZHANG Hong-cheng. Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheat-straw return[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(2): 400-416.
[8] Zaid CHACHAR, Siffat Ullah KHAN, ZHANG Xue-huan, LENG Peng-fei, ZONG Na, ZHAO Jun. Characterization of transgenic wheat lines expressing maize ABP7 involved in kernel development[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(2): 389-399.
[9] ZHOU Qun, YUAN Rui, ZHANG Wei-yang, GU Jun-fei, LIU Li-jun, ZHANG Hao, WANG Zhi-qin, YANG Jian-chang. Grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and physiological performance of indica/japonica hybrid rice in response to various nitrogen rates[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(1): 63-79.
[10] Wannaporn THEPBANDIT, Narendra Kumar PAPATHOTI, Jayasimha Rayulu DADDAM, Nguyen Huy HOANG, Toan LE THANH, Chanon SAENGCHAN, Kumrai BUENSANTEAI. In vitro and in silico studies of salicylic acid on systemic induced resistance against bacterial leaf blight disease and enhancement of crop yield[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(1): 170-184.
[11] CHEN Hong-yan, ZHU Zhu, WANG Xiao-wen, LI Yang-yang, HU Dan-ling, ZHANG Xue-fei, JIA Lu-qi, CUI Zhi-bo, SANG Xian-chun. Less hairy leaf 1, an RNaseH-like protein, regulates trichome formation in rice through auxin[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(1): 31-40.
[12] ZHENG Chang, WANG Yue-chao, XU Wen-ba, YANG De-sheng, YANG Guo-dong, YANG Chen, HUANG Jian-liang, PENG Shao-bing. Border effects of the main and ratoon crops in rice ratooning system[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(1): 80-91.
[13] LIU Yun-chuan, WANG Xiao-lu, HAO Chen-yang, IRSHAD Ahsan, LI Tian, LIU Hong-xia, HOU Jian, ZHANG Xue-yong. TaABI19 positively regulates grain development in wheat[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(1): 41-51.
[14] WANG Hao-quan, DAI Wei-min, ZHANG Zi-xu, LI Meng-shuo, MENG Ling-chao, ZHANG Zheng, LU Huan, SONG Xiao-ling, QIANG Sheng. Occurrence pattern and morphological polymorphism of weedy rice in China[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(1): 149-169.
[15] REN Chuan-ying, LU Shu-wen, GUAN Li-jun, HONG Bin, ZHANG Ying-lei, HUANG Wen-gong, LI Bo, LIU Wei, LU Wei-hong.

The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice [J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(9): 2767-2776.

No Suggested Reading articles found!