瘤胃尿素转运与代谢调控研究进展

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.S.010

Abstract

Abstract: The urea from the diet or recycled from blood into rumen is hydrolyzed by ruminal bacteria to ammonia, which acts as the major source of nitrogen for many ruminal bacterial growth. Urea is usually used as a replacement for parts of dietary nitrogen in practice, for cost reduction. The common recommendation for urea addition is less than 1% of the concentrate portion of the diet, approximately 135 g/cow daily, or not more than 20% of total dietary crude protein. Around 40% to 80% of the urea nitrogen synthesized in the liver can return to the gastrointestinal tract, where approximately 35% to 55% of this nitrogen will take part in bacterial anabolism. Urea transporter, distributed in epithelial layer of rumen papillae, plays an important role in endogenous urea transport from blood to rumen, which is regulated by ammonia concentration in the rumen or urea concentration in the blood or the both. There are various ureolytic bacteria in the rumen, which belong to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, and uncultured bacteria. Urease is the key enzyme in the pathway of urea hydrolysis. Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed into ammonia and carbon dioxide by the catalysis of urease in the rumen. However, the rate of urea hydrolysis is about four times than that of ammonia assimilation, resulting in the reduction of urea utilization efficiency. The diffusion of excess ammonia into blood also lead to increasing chance of toxicity for ruminants. In addition, the excretion of residual ammonia in feces and urine possibly causes the environmental pollution. Thus, ruminal urea transporter, metabolism and its regulation play an important role in the nitrogen balance and body homeostasis of ruminants. This article mainly summarized the application of urea in the diets of ruminants, urea transporter, the taxa and diversity of rumen ureolytic bacteria, and the mechanism and regulation of urea metabolism by ruminal bacteria.

Key words: rumen ureolytic bacteria, urea transporter, urease, urea hydrolysis

WANG Peng-peng, ZHENG Nan, Wang Jia-qi, ZHAO Sheng-guo. Progresses of Research on Ruminal Urea Transport, Metabolism and Its Regulation[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(S): 86-93.

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