低磷胁迫对辣椒株型、根系构型及磷利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.09.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究低磷胁迫对辣椒（Capsicum annuum L.）地上株型、根系构型及磷利用效率的影响，并揭示其生理与分子适应机制，阐明辣椒耐低磷调控机理，为辣椒种质改良和减磷栽培提供理论支撑。【方法】以辣椒栽培品种‘樟树港’（S8）、‘遵辣1号’（Zunla-1）、8214为试材，设置5个磷浓度梯度：缺磷（P0，0 μmol·L^-1）、低磷（P20，20 μmol·L^-1）、中磷（P60，60 μmol·L^-1；P120，120 μmol·L^-1）、正常磷（P200，200 μmol·L^-1），比较辣椒的地上株型、根系构型、光合色素含量、光合特性、氮磷钾养分分配及酸性磷酸酶活性，并采用qRT-PCR技术分析株型建成及磷响应相关基因的表达。【结果】低磷胁迫显著影响了辣椒的地上株型建成，导致茎秆变细、茎节间缩短、侧芽减少和分枝伸长受阻。同时，辣椒地上部生长受抑，伴随叶片脱落，导致光合色素含量与光合性能均显著下降。在根系构型方面，低磷胁迫诱导了根系构型重塑，虽然主根长度被抑制、侧根生成减少，导致根长、根尖数、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径等指标均显著下降，但植株可能通过优化资源分配，优先将光合产物和营养物质分配至根系，使得根冠比和根冠磷分配比显著增加。品种间比较显示，Zunla-1在低磷胁迫下，其总根长、根尖数、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、叶磷含量的耐低磷系数均显著高于S8和8214，表现出较强的耐低磷能力，其耐受策略表现为通过增加侧根数量和促进根系伸长来优化根系构型，并保持较高的光合色素含量、光合效率及叶磷含量。生理与分子分析显示，辣椒的适应性响应涉及生理与分子的协同调控。一方面，低磷胁迫显著上调了磷信号与转运相关基因（CaSPX1、CaSPX3、CaPHT1;7）、酸性磷酸酶基因（CaPAP15、CaPAP17）的表达，以增强酸性磷酸酶活性和磷利用效率；另一方面，低磷胁迫还显著上调了与根茎株型建成相关的脱落酸降解基因（CaCYP707A1）和独脚金内酯合成基因（CaCCD7、CaCCD8）的表达。【结论】低磷胁迫可能通过上调独脚金内酯合成和脱落酸降解基因CaCCD7、CaCCD8和CaCYP707A1的表达，从而抑制辣椒地上部分枝，优化根系构型，提高根冠比，并将光合产物优先分配至根系；同时激活磷响应途径以提高酸性磷酸酶活性和磷利用效率，进而系统性地提升辣椒对低磷胁迫的适应能力。

关键词: 辣椒, 低磷胁迫, 株型, 根系构型, 磷利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aims to investigate the effects of low phosphorus (P) stress on shoot architecture, root system architecture (RSA), and phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), to reveal the underlying physiological and molecular adaptation mechanisms, and to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of low-P tolerance, thereby providing theoretical support for pepper germplasm improvement and phosphorus-reducing cultivation.【Method】Three pepper cultivars, Zhangshugang (S8), Zunla-1, and 8214, were subjected to five phosphorus levels: phosphorus deficiency (P0, 0 µmol·L^-1), low phosphorus (P20, 20 µmol·L^-1), medium phosphorus (P60, 60 µmol·L^-1; P120, 120 µmol·L^-1), and normal phosphorus (P200, 200 µmol·L^-1). Shoot architecture, root system architecture, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient allocation, and acid phosphatase activity (Apase) were compared. Additionally, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of genes related to shoot and root architecture development and phosphorus response.【Result】Low phosphorus stress (P20) significantly affected shoot architecture development in pepper, resulting in thinner stems, shortened internodes, reduced lateral buds, and inhibited branch elongation. Concurrently, the inhibited shoot growth in pepper was accompanied by leaf abscission, leading to significant decreases in photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic performance. Regarding RSA, low phosphorus stress induced root architectural remodeling. Although primary root length was inhibited and lateral root formation decreased, resulting in significant reductions in root length, root tip number, root surface area, root volume, and average root diameter, the plants likely optimized resource allocation by preferentially allocating photosynthates and nutrients to the roots, leading to significant increases in root-to-shoot ratio and root-to-shoot phosphorus allocation ratio. Comparative analysis among cultivars revealed that under low phosphorus stress, Zunla-1 exhibited significantly higher low-P tolerance coefficients for total root length, number of root tips, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and leaf phosphorus content compared to Zhangshugang (S8) and 8214, indicating stronger low-P tolerance. Its tolerance strategy involved optimizing RSA by increasing lateral root number and promoting root elongation, while maintaining higher levels of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic efficiency, and leaf phosphorus content. Physiological and molecular analyses indicated that the adaptive response of pepper involved coordinated physiological and molecular regulation. On the one hand, low phosphorus stress significantly upregulated the expression of phosphorus signaling and transporter genes (CaSPX1, CaSPX3, CaPHT1;7) and APase (CaPAP15, CaPAP17), thereby enhancing APase and PUE. On the other hand, low phosphorus stress also significantly upregulated the expression of the abscisic acid degradation gene (CaCYP707A1) and strigolactone biosynthesis genes (CaCCD7, CaCCD8), which are associated with shoot and root architecture development.【Conclusion】Low phosphorus stress may upregulate the expression of strigolactone biosynthesis genes (CaCCD7, CaCCD8) and the abscisic acid degradation gene (CaCYP707A1), thereby inhibiting shoot branching, optimizing RSA, increasing root-to-shoot ratio, and preferentially allocating photosynthates to roots. Meanwhile, it activates the phosphorus starvation response pathway to enhance APase and PUE, thereby systematically improving the adaptability of pepper to low phosphorus stress.

Key words: pepper, low phosphorus stress, shoot architecture, root system architecture, phosphorus utilization efficiency

刘冬丽, 吕魏, 张祥, 戴雄泽, 邹学校, 徐昊. 低磷胁迫对辣椒株型、根系构型及磷利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(9): 1955-1974.

LIU DongLi, LÜ Wei, ZHANG Xiang, DAI XiongZe, ZOU XueXiao, XU Hao. Effects of Low Phosphorus Stress on Shoot Architecture, Root System Architecture, and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(9): 1955-1974.

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磷水平 P level	各元素浓度 Element concentrations (mg·L^-1)
磷水平 P level	KNO₃	NH₄NO₃	MgSO₄	Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O	KH₂PO₄
P0	607.2	40	241	945	0
P20	607.2	40	241	945	2.72
P60	607.2	40	241	945	8.17
P120	607.2	40	241	945	16.33
P200	607.2	40	241	945	27.22

基因 Gene	正向引物 Forward primer（5′‒3′）	反向引物 Reverse primer（5′‒3′）
Ubi	CCACCTCTTCACTCTCTGCTCT	ACTAGGAAAAAACGCCCTTGGT
PAP15	GGACCTGGCTAATGTTGATAGG	CGATAGTGTGCCGTGTAAGTAG
PAP17	AGTACTTCGTGGAAACGGAACATA	CACACTTCTAATGGCATGATGACC
SPX1	AGAGCACCATATCCGCTTTAC	CCAGGTATCTTCGAGTCCACTA
SPX3	AAGAGTGTGAAAGCACCATAGA	CTTCACCTGCAGCTCCTATTT
PHT1;7	TTCCTCAAGCAGATTATGTGTGGA	CTCTGTCCCAATTTCAACTTGCAT
CCD7	TGGATGTTGCTGCTCAAATCT	CCGAGGGAGCAACATATCCT
CCD8	AAGGCGAGTTACCCTTGTGG	AGGTGGCGTAACCGTCAAAA
CYP707A1	GTACCAGGGAATCTGGGAATAC	GCCGGAGTCTAACAAAGTCATA

处理 Treatment	第N节 The Nth node (mm)
处理 Treatment	第1节 The 1st node	第2节 The 2nd node	第3节 The 3rd node	第4节 The 4th node	第5节 The 5th node	第6节 The 6th node	第7节 The 7th node	第8节 The 8th node	第9节 The 9th node
S8-P20	25.63±3.09a	14.58±2.61b	16.52±2.87b	11.37±3.36b	7.62±0.34b	5.61±1.62b	-	-	-
S8-P60	25.69±0.65a	18.92±2.42b	16.61±1.72b	11.69±2.44b	15.34±1.54a	10.78±2.75a	-	-	-
S8-P120	25.52±3.19a	27.30±3.54a	26.95±2.13a	18.33±3.42a	16.80±2.60a	10.54±1.66a	-	-	-
S8-P200	25.06±3.52a	28.14±1.25a	25.82±1.87a	24.60±1.84a	16.04±1.62a	13.18±0.11a	-	-	-
Zunla-1-P20	23.30±5.16a	15.51±1.78ab	8.97±2.70b	8.18±2.44b	8.34±0.56b	7.34±2.02b	7.18±0.66b	6.40±1.89b	-
Zunla-1-P60	24.45±3.59a	11.14±1.95b	11.50±5.63ab	10.06±1.39ab	14.37±1.35a	7.37±1.67b	9.48±1.85ab	6.69±2.11b	7.69±2.21a
Zunla-1-P120	24.90±1.55a	17.46±4.06a	15.55±4.56a	15.97±2.68a	13.78±0.89a	12.84±3.42ab	12.41±2.59ab	12.86±1.56ab	7.32±2.51a
Zunla-1-P200	24.71±0.64a	16.71±2.11ab	16.33±1.21a	15.80±3.75a	16.83±4.87a	15.74±3.23a	14.44±4.22a	13.78±3.69a	9.26±4.11a
8214-P20	25.18±3.00b	12.15±1.33b	11.51±2.93b	15.90±1.80a	7.91±2.81b	5.24±0.42b	-	-	-
8214-P60	26.59±1.91ab	14.99±3.23b	16.59±3.34b	15.11±1.93a	8.07±3.25ab	8.75±1.49a	-	-	-
8214-P120	35.52±3.08a	16.43±3.52b	16.11±2.53b	15.93±3.04a	13.49±3.21a	9.77±1.15a	-	-	-
8214-P200	32.85±1.85ab	26.55±3.25a	21.22±1.21a	14.63±3.93a	15.10±3.20a	10.32±2.14a	-	-	-

处理 Treatment	第N分枝The Nth lateral branch (mm)
处理 Treatment	第1分枝 1st lat. branch	第2分枝 2nd lat. branch	第3分枝 3rd lat. branch	第4分枝 4th lat. branch
S8-P20	20.73±1.40c	9.43±2.66c	8.51±1.20c	13.98±1.92b
S8-P60	63.87±2.38b	33.17±3.80b	27.29±1.68b	13.32±0.61b
S8-P120	113.26±7.05a	112.04±8.41a	76.01±3.59a	63.33±2.60a
S8-P200	122.95±8.58a	107.75±0.71a	83.85±5.31a	64.22±4.45a
Zunla-1-P20	8.10±2.67b	-	-	-
Zunla-1-P60	7.76±1.37b	-	-	-
Zunla-1-P120	26.80±9.73ab	13.92±4.01b	20.92±8.29b	-
Zunla-1-P200	33.39±3.55a	19.21±1.49a	38.29±3.06a	24.11±5.01*
8214-P20	9.77±0.93b	10.13±1.29c	-	-
8214-P60	12.68±0.93b	19.36±0.73b	-	-
8214-P120	46.92±10.16a	86.48±4.51a	-	-
8214-P200	45.68±3.29a	89.67±2.65a	11.49±0.85*	-

指标 Index	S8耐低磷系数 S8 low-P tolerance coefficient	Zunla-1耐低磷系数 Zunla-1 low-P tolerance coefficient	8214耐低磷系数 8214 low-P tolerance coefficient
株高 Plant height (mm)	0.56±0.02b	0.65±0.03a	0.63±0.01a
茎粗 Stem diameter(mm)	0.60±0.04a	0.64±0.05a	0.55±0.01b
根长 Root length(mm)	0.54±0.04b	0.83±0.09a	0.50±0.13b
根尖数 Apical number	0.57±0.06b	0.91±0.08a	0.48±0.08b
叶绿素含量 Chlorophyll content (mg·g^-1)	0.74±0.04b	1.19±0.06a	0.86±0.10b
净光合速率P_n (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	0.46±0.05b	0.84±0.07a	0.64±0.08c
叶片磷含量 Leaf P content (mg·g^-1DW)	0.40±0.05b	0.49±0.06a	0.35±0.02b