长期施肥小麦根际与非根际土壤的磷组分及其有效性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.12.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过研究长期不同施肥对小麦根际、非根际土壤中各组分有机磷和无机磷的影响，揭示各组分有机磷和无机磷对土壤有效磷的贡献，为合理培肥土壤，有效利用土壤磷提供理论依据。【方法】采集不同施肥处理（对照，不施任何肥料（CK）、氮钾肥配施（NK）、氮磷钾肥配施（NPK）、有机肥配施氮磷钾（MNPK））的小麦根际、非根际土壤样品，采用蒋柏藩-顾益初改进的Chang和Jackson石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法和Bowman-Cole有机磷分级方法分别对土壤中各无机磷组分（二钙磷（Ca₂-P）、八钙磷（Ca₈-P）、铝结合态磷（Al-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（O-P）和十钙磷（Ca₁₀-P））和有机磷组分（活性有机磷（L-OP）、中度活性有机磷（ML-OP）、中稳性有机磷（MR-OP）、高稳性有机磷（HR-OP））含量进行测定。【结果】长期平衡施肥（NPK,MNPK），尤其是有机肥的施用(MNPK)，显著提高了土壤有机磷水平，降低了土壤pH，显著提高了土壤有机磷中的L-OP、ML-OP和MR-OP和无机磷中的Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P含量。有机磷主要以ML-OP存在，其次依次为MR-OP、L-OP和HR-OP，在根际土中占有机磷总量的73.4%、15.6%、5.4%和5.6%，在非根际土中占有机磷总量的72.1%、15.8%、6.0%和6.1%；无机磷平均含量为Ca₁₀-P>Ca₈-P>Al-P>O-P>Fe-P>Ca₂-P，在根际土中分别占无机磷总量的51.2%、15.7%、12.3%、11.4%、7.2%、2.2%，在非根际土中分别占无机磷总量的53.2%、15.4%、11.6%、10.9%、6.7%、2.2%。在根际土壤中，影响磷活化系数（PAC）的磷组分排序为ML-OP>Al-P>Ca₂-P>L-OP>Ca₈-P>MR-OP>Fe-P>O-P>Ca₁₀-P>HR-OP。在非根际土壤，影响PAC的磷组分排序为Ca₂-P>L-OP>Ca₈-P>Al-P>ML-OP>Fe-P>MR-OP>Ca₁₀-P>HR-OP>O-P。【结论】长期平衡施肥，尤其是施用有机肥，显著提高了根际土壤中中等活性有机磷、缓效态无机磷的有效性，非根际土壤中活性有机磷、活性无机磷的有效性也显著提高。根际土壤中有效磷主要来源于ML-OP、Al-P，非根际土壤中的有效磷则主要来源于L-OP、Ca₂-P。这表明合理培肥土壤可以有效的提高土壤磷素的有效性。

关键词: 小麦, 长期施肥, 根际土壤, 非根际土壤, 有机磷组分, 无机磷组分, 磷有效性, ??土

Abstract:

【Objective】 By studying the effects of long-term different fertilization on organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus in wheat rhizosphere and bulk soil, the contribution of organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus to soil available phosphorus was revealed, which could provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization of soil and effective utilization of accumulated phosphorus in soil.【Method】Wheat rhizosphere and bulk soil samples were collected from different fertilization treatments (control without fertilizers (CK), nitrogen and potassium (NK), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), and NPK plus organic manure (MNPK)). The content of inorganic phosphorus fractions (dicalcium phosphate (Ca₂-P), octa-calcium phosphate (Ca₈-P), apatite (Ca₁₀-P), aluminum bounded phosphate (Al-P), iron bounded phosphate (Fe-P), and occluded phosphate (O-P)) in the soil were determined by Chang and Jackson's inorganic phosphorus classification method improved by JIANG Bofan and GU Yichu, and organic phosphorus fractions (labile organic phosphorus (L-OP), moderately labile organic phosphorus (ML-OP), moderately resistant organic phosphorus (MR-OP), and high resistant organic phosphorus (HR-OP)) were determined by Bowman-Cole's organic phosphorus classification method.【Result】The long-term balanced fertilization (NPK, MNPK), especially the application of organic fertilizer (MNPK), significantly improved the level of soil organic carbon and decreased the soil pH, and significantly increased the content of L-OP, ML-OP and MR-OP in soil organic phosphorus and Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, Al-P, Fe-P and O-P in inorganic phosphorus. Organic phosphorus mainly existed in ML-OP, followed by MR-OP, L-OP, and HR-OP, accounting for 73.4%, 15.6%, 5.4%, and 5.6% of the total organic phosphorus in rhizosphere soil, respectively, and 72.1%, 15.8%, 6.0% and 6.1% in bulk soil, respectively. The average content of inorganic phosphorus was Ca₁₀-P>Ca₈-P>Al-P>O-P>Fe-P>Ca₂-P, accounting for 51.2%, 15.7%, 12.3%, 11.4%, 7.2%, and 2.2% of the total inorganic phosphorus in rhizosphere soil, respectively，and accounting for 53.2%, 15.4%, 11.6%, 10.9%, 6.7% and 2.2% of the total inorganic phosphorus in bulk soil, respectively. In the rhizosphere soil, the phosphorus fractions affecting the phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC) were ranked as ML-OP>Al-P>Ca₂-P>L-OP>Ca₈-P>MR-OP>Fe-P>O-P>Ca₁₀-P>HR-OP. In bulk soil, the order of phosphorus fractions affecting PAC was Ca₂-P>L-OP>Ca₈-P>Al-P>ML-OP>Fe-P>MR-OP>Ca₁₀-P>HR-OP>O-P.【Conclusion】Long-term balanced fertilization, especially the application of organic fertilizer, significantly improved the availability of moderately labile organic phosphorus and moderately labile inorganic phosphorus in rhizosphere soil. The availability of labile organic phosphorus and labile inorganic phosphorus in bulk soil was also significantly improved. Available phosphorus in the rhizosphere soil mainly came from ML-OP and Al-P, while available phosphorus in bulk soil mainly came from L-OP and Ca₂-P. The reasonable soil fertilization could effectively improve soil phosphorus availability.

Key words: wheat, long-term fertilization, rhizosphere soil, bulk soil, fraction of inorganic phosphorus, fraction of organic phosphorus, phosphorus availability, tier soil

路鹏, 冯佳, 李莉, 杨莉, 杨雷, 吕德智, 薛彦飞. 长期施肥小麦根际与非根际土壤的磷组分及其有效性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(12): 2382-2396.

LU Peng, FENG Jia, LI Li, YANG Li, YANG Lei, LÜ DeZhi, XUE YanFei. Phosphorus Fractions in Rhizosphere and Bulk Soil of Wheat and Their Availability Under Long-Term Fertilization[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(12): 2382-2396.

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处理 Treatment	根际土壤 Rhizosphere soil		非根际土壤 Bulk soil
处理 Treatment	有机碳含量 SOC (g·kg^-1)	pH	有机碳含量 SOC (g·kg^-1)	pH
CK	8.83±0.10a	8.36±0.07a	7.90±0.35b	8.51±0.15a
NK	10.19±0.20a	8.20±0.02b	9.14±0.17b	8.39±0.11a
NPK	11.34±0.21a	8.14±0.04b	10.32±0.14b	8.29±0.03a
MNPK	16.96±0.64a	8.01±0.03b	15.13±0.41b	8.17±0.07a

作用因子 Factor	直接作用 Direct effect	间接作用 Indirect effect
作用因子 Factor	直接作用 Direct effect	x₁→y	x₂→y	x₃→y	x₄→y	x₅→y	x₆→y	x₇→y	x₈→y	x₉→y	x₁₀→y
L-OP (x₁)	0.38	-	0.08	0.54	-0.05	-0.15	-0.05	0.00	1.11	-0.20	0.10
ML-OP (x₂)	0.08	-0.37	-	0.54	-0.04	-0.14	-0.05	-0.01	1.06	-0.20	0.08
MR-OP (x₃)	0.55	-0.37	0.08	-	-0.04	-0.14	-0.05	-0.01	1.08	-0.20	0.08
HR-OP (x₄)	-0.13	-0.15	0.03	0.17	-	-0.11	-0.03	0.00	0.59	-0.11	0.17
Ca₂-P (x₅)	-0.16	-0.35	0.07	0.49	-0.08	-	-0.05	-0.01	1.09	-0.20	0.13
Ca₈-P (x₆)	-0.06	-0.36	0.07	0.50	-0.07	-0.15	-	0.00	1.11	-0.21	0.13
Ca₁₀-P (x₇)	-0.22	0.06	-0.02	-0.19	0.01	0.04	0.01	-	-0.20	0.02	0.00
Al-P (x₈)	1.13	-0.37	0.08	0.52	-0.07	-0.16	-0.06	0.00	-	-0.21	0.12
Fe-P (x₉)	-0.18	-0.37	0.08	0.51	-0.07	-0.15	-0.06	0.00	1.12	-	0.12
O-P (x₁₀)	-0.21	-0.20	0.04	0.24	-0.12	-0.12	-0.04	0.00	0.71	-0.14	-

作用因子 Factor	直接作用 Direct effect	间接作用 Indirect effect
作用因子 Factor	直接作用 Direct effect	x₁→y	x₂→y	x₃→y	x₄→y	x₅→y	x₆→y	x₇→y	x₈→y	x₉→y	x₁₀→y
L-OP(x₁)	1.63	-	0.34	-1.35	0.01	0.63	0.22	0.00	-0.32	-0.20	0.01
ML-OP(x₂)	0.35	1.59	-	-1.33	0.01	0.62	0.20	0.00	-0.31	-0.19	0.01
MR-OP(x₃)	-1.36	1.61	0.34	-	0.01	0.63	0.21	0.00	-0.31	-0.19	0.01
HR-OP(x₄)	0.03	0.66	0.15	-0.53	-	0.27	0.08	0.00	-0.11	-0.10	0.00
Ca₂-P (x₅)	0.66	1.55	0.33	-1.30	0.01	-	0.21	0.00	-0.31	-0.19	0.01
Ca₈-P (x₆)	0.23	1.55	0.31	-1.26	0.01	0.60	-	0.00	-0.31	-0.20	0.01
Ca₁₀-P (x₇)	0.00	1.05	0.19	-0.91	0.00	0.37	0.16	-	-0.22	-0.12	0.01
Al-P (x₈)	-0.32	1.61	0.33	-1.32	0.01	0.62	0.22	0.00	-	-0.20	0.01
Fe-P (x₉)	-0.21	1.58	0.32	-1.28	0.02	0.62	0.22	0.00	-0.31	-	0.01
O-P (x₁₀)	0.02	1.19	0.22	-0.93	0.01	0.48	0.20	0.00	-0.26	-0.17	-