水氮减量条件下地膜玉米免耕轮作小麦的水分利用特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对河西绿洲灌区资源型缺水严重，作物生产中地膜和水氮投入量大且利用率低等问题，探讨水氮减量条件下免耕一膜两年用对后茬作物水分利用特征的影响，为构建试区水氮减量和水分高效利用技术提供实践依据。【方法】2019—2021年，开展三因素裂区试验，设传统翻耕（CT）和免耕一膜两年用（NT）2种耕作方式，减量20%灌水量（I1，1 920 m³·hm^-2）和传统灌水量（I2，2 400 m³·hm^-2）2个灌水水平，减量40%施氮（N1，135 kg·hm^-2）、减量20%施氮（N2，180 kg·hm^-2）和传统施氮（N3，225 kg·hm^-2）3个施氮水平，研究不同处理的耗水量、棵间蒸发量和水分利用效率。【结果】一膜两年用可优化小麦播前土壤水分环境、减少小麦生育期内无效耗水。与CT相比，NT有利于提高小麦播前土壤含水量和贮水量，分别提高了16.9%—23.0%和14.5%—16.5%；可降低小麦全生育期总耗水量（ET）、总棵间蒸发量（E）和蒸散比（E/ET），降低幅度分别为3.5%—4.2%、19.0%—20.2%和16.8%—19.3%。随着灌水和施氮量减少，耗水量、棵间蒸发量、E/ET 3个指标随之降低，与I2相比，I1的3个指标分别降低了6.1%—6.4%、10.8%—11.1%和5.5%—6.0%；与N3相比，N2、N1的3个指标分别降低了2.2%—3.9%、4.2%—10.9%和1.7%—7.2%；耕作方式、灌水交互作用下，NTI1较CTI1耗水量、E/ET分别降低了0.6%—6.6%和17.4%—17.6%；免耕一膜两年用集成水氮减量进一步优化耗水结构，与CTI2N3相比，NTI1N2的3个指标分别降低了11.0%—12.9%、28.3%—47.6%和22.5%—26.4%。与CT相比，NT显著提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率，分别提高了4.8%—6.3%和9.0%—9.5%。在NT和CT条件下，I1N2与I2N3、I2N2小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率（WUE）差异不显著；比较不同处理下的小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率，以NTI1N2最高，与对照CTI2N3相比，籽粒产量和WUE分别提高了5.1%—6.6%和5.7%—6.2%。【结论】在河西灌区，免耕一膜两年用玉米轮作小麦，在全生育期灌水1 920 m³·hm^-2、施氮180 kg·hm^-2，是适用于该区的水氮节约小麦高产和水分高效利用的生产技术。

关键词: 一膜两年用, 水氮减量, 水分利用特征, 小麦

Abstract:

【Objective】In view of the severe water shortage of resource-based irrigation areas in the west of the river oasis and the large amount and low utilisation of mulch and water and nitrogen inputs in crop production, the effects of no-tillage and two-year use of mulch on the water utilisation characteristics of subsequent crops under water and nitrogen reduction conditions were explored to provide a practical basis for the construction of water and nitrogen reduction and efficient water utilisation technologies in the trial area.【Method】From 2019 to 2021, a three-factor split plot experiment was carried out, with two tillage methods of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), two irrigation levels of 20% reduced irrigation (I1, 1 920 m³·hm^-2) and conventional irrigation (I2, 2 400 m³·hm^-2), and three N levels of 40% reduced N application (N1, 135 kg·hm^-2), 20% reduced N application (N2, 180 kg·hm^-2) and conventional N application (N3, 225 kg·hm^-2), to study the evapotranspiration, evaporation and water use efficiency of different treatments.【Result】The one film for two years can optimize the soil water environment before wheat sowing and reduce the ineffective water consumption during wheat growth period. Compared to CT, NT was beneficial to increase soil water content and water storage before wheat sowing, which increased by 16.9%-23.0% and 14.5%-16.5%, respectively; It can reduce the evapotranspiration (ET), total evaporation (E) and proportion of evaporation to evapotranspiration (E/ET) of wheat in the whole growth period by 3.5%-4.2%, 19.0%-20.2% and 16.8%-19.3%, respectively. With the reduction of irrigation and N application, the three indicators of evapotranspiration, evaporation and E/ET decreased. Compared with I2, the three indicators decreased by 6.1%-6.4%, 10.8%-11.1% and 5.5%-6.0%, respectively; Compared with N3, N2 and N1 decreased by 2.2%-3.9%, 4.2%-10.9% and 1.7%-7.2%, respectively; Under the interaction of tillage and irrigation, evapotranspiration and E/ET of NTI1 decreased by 0.6%-6.6% and 17.4%-17.6% respectively compared with CTI1; Integrated water and nitrogen reduction for two years with no tillage and one film to further optimize water consumption structure, the three indicators for NTI1N2 were reduced by 11.0%-12.9%, 28.3%-47.6% and 22.5%-26.4% respectively compared to CTI2N3. Compared with CT, NT significantly improved wheat grain yield and water use efficiency by 4.8%-6.3% and 9.0%-9.5% respectively. Under NT and CT conditions, there was no significant difference in grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) between I1N2 and I2N3, I2N2 wheat. Comparing wheat grain yield and water use efficiency under different treatments, NTI1N2 was the highest, increasing grain yield and WUE by 5.1%-6.6% and 5.7%-6.2%, respectively, compared to the control CTI2N3.【Conclusion】In the Hexi irrigation area, no-tillage and one-film two-year rotation of maize for wheat, irrigation of 1 920 m³· hm^-2 and N application of 180 kg· hm^-2 in the whole growth period, is a production technology suitable for water and nitrogen conservation, high wheat yield and efficient water use in this area.

Key words: one film mulching for two years, water and nitrogen reduction, water use characteristics, wheat

曹永刚, 徐龙龙, 柴强, 胡发龙, 殷文, 樊志龙, 王琦明, 赵财. 水氮减量条件下地膜玉米免耕轮作小麦的水分利用特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(14): 2660-2672.

CAO YongGang, XU LongLong, CHAI Qiang, HU FaLong, YIN Wen, FAN ZhiLong, WANG QiMing, ZHAO Cai. Water Use Characteristics of Wheat Rotated After No Tillage Plastic Film Mulching Maize with Reduced Water and Nitrogen[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(14): 2660-2672.

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耕作措施 Tillage practice	灌水量 Irrigation quato	灌溉制度Irrigation Schedul (m³·hm^-2)			施氮水平Nitrogen application level
耕作措施 Tillage practice	灌水量 Irrigation quato	苗期 Seedling	孕穗 Booting	灌浆期Filling	N3	N2	N1
免耕一膜两年用NT	I1	600	720	600	NTI1N3	NTI1N2	NTI1N1
免耕一膜两年用NT	I2	750	900	750	NTI2N3	NTI2N2	NTI2N2
传统翻耕CT	I1	600	720	600	CTI1N3	CTI1N2	CTI1N1
传统翻耕CT	I2	750	900	750	CTI2N3	CTI2N2	CTI2N1

耕作措施 Tillage	灌水水平 Irrigation quota	施氮水平 Nitrogen rate	播前含水量Moisture content before sowing (%)		播前土壤贮水量Pre sowing water storage (mm)
耕作措施 Tillage	灌水水平 Irrigation quota	施氮水平 Nitrogen rate	2020	2021	2020	2021
CT	I2	N3	13.23cde	14.50ab	258.27a	247.93abcd
		N2	13.41bcde	12.73cd	252.97a	238.75abcd
		N1	12.88de	12.40cd	252.81a	221.98cd
	I1	N3	11.88e	11.18d	263.63a	222.12cd
		N2	11.89e	11.74d	260.61a	224.11bcd
		N1	11.41e	12.32cd	251.22a	213.43d
NT	I2	N3	15.60ab	14.77a	302.61b	265.53a
		N2	15.52ab	14.56ab	299.57b	261.07ab
		N1	15.06abc	14.22abc	294.22b	247.25abcd
	I1	N3	15.70a	13.88abc	304.25b	263.95a
		N2	15.18abc	15.25a	297.40b	272.75a
		N1	14.93abcd	14.88a	295.64b	256.57abc
耕作措施Tillage practice(T)			0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
灌水水平Irrigation level(I)			NS	NS	NS	NS
施氮水平Nitrogen rate(N)			NS	NS	NS	NS
耕作方式×灌水水平 T×I			NS	NS	NS	NS
耕作方式×施氮水平 T×N			NS	NS	NS	NS
灌水水平×施氮水平 I×N			NS	NS	NS	NS
耕作方式×灌水水平×施氮水平 T×I×N			NS	NS	NS	NS