世界李育种概况

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.09.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

李是全球分布和栽培最广泛的果树之一，主要分为欧洲李（P. domestica）和中国李（P. salicina）两种。中国李起源于中国，具有较高的遗传异质性和果实性状遗传变异的丰富性。据推测，中国的长江流域地区仍有野生中国李的分布。在我国古代，许多书籍中都有李的栽培和品种记载，如秦汉、晋代、北宋和明代。国外也有许多书面记载李的起源和品种，如希腊、法国、芬兰、捷克和俄罗斯。自罗马时代以来，李已逐步传播到欧洲大陆。为了改善李果实品质、提高商品性以满足市场需求，一直在不断地培育新的李品种。世界上最早关于欧洲李品种的记载中选育出成熟期最早的品种，如‘Reine Claude’‘Early Rivers’‘Early Transparent Gage’‘Czar’‘Monarch’和‘Tresident’，目前仍广泛栽培。在中国，已经自主育成并经过品种审定且正式发表的李品种有88个。尽管世界各地的种植者、水果市场和消费者对李品种的改良需求各不相同，但育种性状包括果实大小、果皮颜色、多酚类物质、可溶性固形物、果实成熟期、抗寒性和抗病性能力等，受到共同关注。李育种方式从传统的育种手段，到分子辅助育种、组织培养和转基因育种不断演变。通过育种手段的不断改进，育出许多鲜食品质好、耐贮藏、货架期长和适应性好的优良品种，推动了世界李产业的发展。中国是全球最大的李生产国，李的产量占全球总产量的54.94%，栽培面积占全球总面积的74.75%。我国拥有丰富的李种质资源，这为李的育种创新提供了物质基础。而广泛的地理分布和栽培利用则为李新品种的应用提供了广阔的市场潜力。为了进一步发挥我国李种质资源的优势，提高我国李育种的核心竞争力，本文将梳理世界李的起源、传播、早期栽培利用、育种研究进展以及主要性状的遗传规律，并提出现代李育种策略。

关键词: 李, 育种, 品种, 策略

Abstract:

Plum is a significant fruit tree worldwide, with the two main species being P. domestica and P. salicina. Chinese plum, originating from China, exhibits high genetic heterogeneity and abundant genetic variation in fruit traits. It is speculated that wild Chinese plums still exist in the Yangtze River basin. Throughout Chinese history, the plum cultivation and varieties were recorded by many secretaries of the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty. Similarly, in other countries, such as Greece, France, Finland, the Czech Republic, and Russia, there are written records of plum, describing its origin and 14 varieties. Plum was gradually introduced into the European continent during the Roman era, and numerous new varieties have since been cultivated to improve the fruit’s quality, commercial value, and meet market demand. There were currently 88 independently bred plum varieties in China that have passed variety approval and been officially published. Breeding traits of common concern include fruit size, peel color, polyphenols, soluble solids, fruit maturity, cold resistance, disease resistance, etc. Breeding methods range from traditional methods to molecular-assisted breeding, tissue culture, and transgenic breeding. Many excellent varieties with good fresh food quality, storage and transportation resistance, and adaptability have been bred through continuous improvement of breeding methods, promoting the development of the global plum industry. China is the world’s largest plum producer, accounting for 54.94% of total production and 74.75% of total cultivation area worldwide. The rich natural resources of plum in China provide solid material and diversity guarantee for germplasm exploration and breeding application. To further strengthen the international advantages of plum germplasm resources and cultivation areas in China, and to enhance the core competitiveness of national breeding, this study reviewed the global history process of plum breeding and improvement, including the origin, dissemination, early cultivation history of plum in the world, recent research on the main breeding traits, and commercial breeding strategies for modern plum.

Key words: plum, breeding, variety, strategy

刘硕, 徐铭, 刘家成, 章秋平, 马小雪, 刘宁, 张玉萍, 张玉君, 赵海娟, 刘威生. 世界李育种概况[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(9): 1744-1759.

LIU Shuo, XU Ming, LIU JiaCheng, ZHANG QiuPing, MA XiaoXue, LIU Ning, ZHANG YuPing, ZHANG YuJun, ZHAO HaiJuan, LIU WeiSheng. An Overview of the Worldwide Plum Breeding[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(9): 1744-1759.

图/表 4

图1

表1

欧洲地区开展李育种主要机构、育种者及育种目标[14,24]"

国家 Country	育种单位 Breeding center	育种者 Breeder	育种目标 Objective	育种开始时间 Start of breeding	杂交种 Number of seedling	优系 Number of selection	品种数 Total number of cultivars
塞尔维亚 Serbia	Cacak水果研究所 Fruit Research Institute Cacak	D. Ogasanovic N. Milosevic	‘Pozegaca’品种果实大小成熟期抗PPV病毒改良育种 Improvement of old cv. Pozegaca (size, ripening time, resistance to PPV)	1965	28000	239	14
德国 Germany	霍恩海姆大学 University Hohenheim, Stuttgart 盖森海姆研究站 Research Station Geisenheim	W. Hartmann M. Neumuller H. Jacob	果实品质超敏反应抗PPV病毒育种 Fruit quality PPV resistance hypersensitivity	1980 1985 2005	10000 30000 4500	300 150 5	14 14 -
法国 France	法国农业科学院（波尔多） INRA, Bordeaux	R. Bernhard R. Renaud	果实品质转基因抗PPV病毒育种 Fruit quality PPV resistance by transgenic plants	1950	-	-	6
意大利 Italy	博洛尼亚大学 University Bologna 佛罗伦萨大学 University Firenze 佛利大学 University Forli 私人项目 Private project	S. Sansavini E. Bellini V. Nancetti A. Liverani	鲜食消费品质抗PPV病毒 Quality, fresh consumption, resistance to PPV	1968 1970 1985 1991	2000 4200 6500 14450	130 95 45 63	7 6 1 6
英国 United Kingdom	东茂林试验站 Research Station East Malling	K Tobutt R. Jones T. Laxton	晚花抗霜冻抗PPV病毒育种 Late blooming, frost resistance, PPV resistance	1913	-	-	3
保加利亚 Bulgaria	德里亚诺沃水果种植研究所 Fruit Growing Institute Dryanovo 特洛扬水果种植研究所 Fruit Growing Institute Troyan 普罗夫迪夫水果种植研究所 Fruit Growing Institute Plovdiv	V. Bozhkova, A. Zhivondov	晚花延长成熟期果实品质抗PPV病毒育种 Late blooming, extended ripening period, fruit quality, resistance to PPV	1960 1960 1987	5256	62	11
拉脱维亚 Latvia	拉脱维亚国家水果种植研究所 Latvia State Institute of Fruit Growing	E. Kaufmane I. Gravite	抗寒有活力早熟果实品质自花结实早熟育种 Winter hardiness, vigour, precocity, fruit quality, self-fertility, early ripening	1900	9100	122	9
白俄罗斯 Belarus	明斯克水果种植研究所 Institute for Fruit Growing, Minsk	M. Vasiljeva, Z. Kazlouskaya	果实品质抗霜冻育种 Fruit quality, frost resistance	1925	-	-	15
摩尔多瓦 Moldova	基希讷乌（Chisinau）园艺和营养技术研究所 Research Institute for Horticulture and Alimentary Technologies Chisinau	M. Pintea, A. Juraveli	果实品质抗霜冻育种 Resistance to frost, fruit quality	1946	-	-	10
捷克 Czech Republic	Holovousy果树育种研究所 Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy	J. Blazek	果实品质抗PPV病毒育种 Fruit quality, Sharka tolerance	1988	3500	18	3
瑞典 Sweden	Balsgard农业科学大学 University of Agricultural Sciences Balsgard	I. Hjalmarsson, V. Trajkovski	短植株生长发育期果实品质育种 Short period of vegetation, fruit quality	1984	4400	-	12
挪威 Norway	Lofhus水果研究中心（Ullensvang） Ullensvang Research Centre Division Njos, Lofthus	S.H. Hjeltnes	果实品质贮藏能力育种 Good storage	1953 1991	2720	15	2 -
罗马尼亚 Romania	Pitesti水果种植研究所 Research Institute for Fruit Growing, Pitesti Valcea水果种植研究站 Fruit Growing Research Station, Valcea Bistrita水果种植研究站 Research Station for Fruit Growing, Bistrita	M. Butac M. Botu I. Zagrai	‘Tuleu gras’品种的果实品质PPV抗性成熟季节延长自花结实改良育种 Improvement of old cvs. Tuleu gras, Grase romanesti, Vinete romanesti; fruit quality, PPV resistance, ripening season extension, self-fertility	1950	125000	350	38
匈牙利 Hungary	Ujfeherto水果种植研究与推广中心 Research and Extension Centre for Fruit Growing, Ujfeherto	T. Lakatos T. Jakubowski E. ˙ Zurawicz J. Dominikowski	果实品质加工育种 Fruit quality, processing
波兰 Poland	Skierniewice园艺研究所 Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice	E. Rozpara Z. Grzyb J. Szyma´nski	果实品质产量抗PPV病毒育种 PPV Resistance, fruit quality, Productivity
俄罗斯 Russia	北高加索地区园艺和葡萄栽培研究所、克拉斯诺达尔克里姆斯克实验育种站、克里姆斯克远东实验站、巴甫洛夫斯克、圣彼得堡Maicop、实验站Maicop、克拉斯诺达尔地区伏尔加格勒实验站、克拉斯诺斯洛博茨克 North-Caucasus Zonal Horticulture and Viticulture Research Institute, Krasnodar Krymsk Experiment Breeding Station, Krymsk Far East Experiment Station, Pavlovsk, St. Petersburg Maicop Experiment Station Krasnodar Region Volgograd Experiment Station, Krasnoslobodsk	R. S. Zaremuk E. M. Alekhina G. Eremin	抗寒果实品质和产量育种 Winter hardiness, fruit quality, productivity
总计Total					240726	1586	170

表1

表2

李痘病PPV病毒主要分离株及特征"

分离株 Strain	病毒最初发生地 Virus original country	主要寄主 Main host	说明 Note
PPV-D（狄德罗） PPV-D (Dideron)	法国 France	杏、桃、李 Apricot, Peach, Plum	PPV-D是欧洲西部传播最严重的分离株，也在智利和美国（宾夕法尼亚州）发生。该分离株不通过种子传播，且蚜虫-载体效率较低 The PPV-D isolate is widely spread throughout western Europe, as well as in Chile and the United States (specifically in Pennsylvania). This isolate is not transmitted through seeds, and its efficiency in being carried by aphids is low
PPV-M（马库斯） PPV-M (Markus)	希腊 Greece	李、杏、樱桃 Plum, Apricot, Cherry	PPV-M是欧洲南部，东部和南部最常见的分离株。菌株传播迅速并且很难消除。该菌株通过蚜虫迅速传播 PPV-M is the most prevalent isolate found in southern, eastern, and southeastern Europe. This strain has a rapid spread rate and is notoriously difficult to eradicate due to its persistent nature. It is primarily spread through aphids, leading to an increased risk of transmission
PPV-Rec（重组） PPV-Rec (Recombinant)	捷克 Czech	杏、李（包括樱桃李、黑刺李）、樱桃 Apricot, Plum (including cherry plum, black thorn plum), Cherry	可能是PPV-M和PPV-D分离株发生了同源重组，导致其在欧洲东部地区广泛传播，且具有高致病性和强的蚜虫传播能力 There is a strong possibility that homologous recombination between isolates of PPV-M and PPV-D has occurred. This strain is particularly prevalent in countries and regions of Eastern Europe, and possesses high pathogenicity and a strong ability to be transmitted by aphids
PPV-EA（埃尔阿马尔） PPV-EA (El Amar)	埃及 Egypt	李、桃 Plum, Peach	该病毒株在北非地区普遍存在，与PPV-M分离株具有相似的特征 This strain is commonly found in North Africa and shares similar characteristics with the PPV-M isolate
PPV-C（樱桃） PPV-C (Cherry)	摩尔多瓦 Moldova	樱桃 Cherry	它在欧洲东部流行 This strain is widespread in Eastern Europe
PPV-CR（俄国樱桃） PPV-CR (Cherry, Russian)	俄罗斯 Russia	酸樱桃 Sour cherry	它是发生在俄罗斯地区的第二种适应于樱桃的PPV分离株，PPV-C之后出现 This strain, which originated in Russia, is the second isolate after PPV-C that has adapted to infect cherry trees
PPV-W（威诺纳） PPV-W (Winona)	加拿大（安大略） Canada (Ontario)	李 Plum	近年来，该毒株在拉脱维亚和乌克兰的李树上被发现，并传播至俄罗斯地区。与其他分离株相比，其遗传差异明显 In recent years, this strain has also been found on plum trees in Latvia and Ukraine, and has spread to Russia. It shows significant genetic differences from other isolates
PPV-An（Marcus祖先） PPV-An (Ancestor Marcus)	阿尔巴尼亚 Albania	李、杏、樱桃 Plum、Apricot、Cherry	该分离株的全基因组序列符合PPV的进化假说，表明它是PPV-M分离株的祖先 The full-length genome sequence of this isolate supports the evolutionary hypothesis of PPV, indicating that it is the ancestor of the PPV-M isolate
PPV-T（土耳其） PPV-T (Turkey)	土耳其 Turkey	杏 Apricot	由HC-Pro基因重组事件产生 Recombination events have occurred in the HC-Pro gene
PPV-CV（伏尔加樱桃） PPV-CV (Cherry, Volga)	俄罗斯 Russia	酸樱桃 Sour cherry	它的3'末端基因组序列与已知的分离株高度不同 Its 3' end genome sequence differs significantly from known isolates

表2

图2

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