不同油菜品种及栽培措施对收获指数的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.17.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】 研究不同油菜品种与栽培措施下收获指数（HI）与籽粒产量、角果皮等不同器官成熟期干重的关系，同时分析油菜品种育成年代、株高和冬性特征对收获指数的影响，为高产、高效油菜品种的选育和栽培措施的协同优化提供参考。【方法】 以近年来长江流域推广的不同育成年代、株高及冬性特征的60个油菜品种为材料，于2016—2017年分别在湖北和贵州两地开展品种大田试验；于2017—2020年在贵州碧江、思南和江口3点开展以不同播种期、肥力水平、种植密度和行距配置等栽培因子的组合试验，开展油菜栽培措施优化组合的大田试验，在油菜成熟期采样后测定各部分干重及产量，计算分析收获指数。【结果】 不同油菜品种的收获指数变化差异最高达367%，不同农艺栽培措施组合使其收获指数差异达52%—117%。不同品种油菜的收获指数每增加0.1，大田籽粒产量在两个试验点分别提高305和385 kg·hm^-2；不同农艺栽培措施优化后籽粒产量随油菜收获指数的提高而增加，收获指数每增加0.1则大田籽粒产量增加505—1 690 kg·hm^-2。不同品种和栽培措施影响下，油菜的收获指数与植株的主茎籽粒产量、分枝籽粒产量和地上部生物产量均呈正相关关系；不同栽培措施优化后油菜收获指数与角果皮干重呈正相关关系；而不同品种和栽培措施的油菜收获指数与茎秆干重没有较一致的相关性。2010年以前与2015年以后育成的油菜品种间收获指数有显著差异；株高小于170 cm的油菜品种其收获指数值相对较高，高秆品种的收获指数显著低于矮秆和中秆品种；弱冬性、半冬性和冬性油菜品种之间收获指数无显著差异。【结论】 油菜不同品种选择和栽培因子的优化组合措施对其收获指数有显著影响，可选育较高收获指数油菜品种推广，同时通过优化组合栽培技术措施适当增加大田油菜群体收获指数，通过良种和良法的协同来提高大田油菜籽粒产量。近年在长江流域选育推广的油菜品种收获指数受其育成年代和株高影响显著，而品种间的冬性差异对油菜收获指数无显著影响。

关键词: 油菜, 品种, 栽培措施, 收获指数

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the relationship between harvest index (HI) and dry weight of different organs such as silique wall and seed yield at maturity stage under different rapeseed varieties and cultivation measures, analyze the effects of breeding age, plant height and winter characteristics of rapeseed varieties on HI, and to provide the references for breeding high-yield and high-efficiency rapeseed varieties and coordination and optimization of cultivation measures. 【Method】 Taking 60 rapeseed varieties with different breeding ages, plant heights and winter characteristics popularized in the Yangtze River Basin in recent years as experimental materials, field tests were conducted in Hubei and Guizhou provinces in 2016-2017. In 2017-2020, combinations of different agronomic measures such as sowing date, fertility level, planting density and row spacing configuration were designed, and field experiments were carried out in Bijiang, Sinan and Jiangkou, Guizhou, yield and dry weight of each part were measured after sampling at maturity stage of rapeseed, and harvest index was calculated and analyzed. 【Result】 The difference of HI among different rapeseed varieties was up to 367%, and the difference of HI among different agronomic cultivation measures was 52%-117%. For each 0.1 increase in HI of different rapeseed varieties, seed yield increased by 305 and 385 kg·hm^-2 at two experimental sites, respectively. With the optimization of different agronomic measures, seed yield increased with the increase of rapeseed HI. For every 0.1 increase in HI, seed yield increased by 505-1 690 kg·hm^-2. Under different varieties and cultivation measures, HI was positively correlated with seed yield of main stem, seed yield of branch and aboveground biomass yield. There was a positive correlation between HI and pod dry weight for different optimized cultivation measures. However, there was no consistent correlation between HI and main stem dry weight of rapeseed under different varieties and cultivation measures. There was a significant difference in HI between rapeseed varieties bred before 2010 and after 2015; the HI of rapeseed varieties with plant height less than 170 cm was relatively high, and the HI of higher plant height varieties was significantly less than that of short and medium plant height varieties. There was no significant difference in HI among weak winter, semi-winter and winter rapeseed varieties. 【Conclusion】 Different rapeseed varieties and agronomic measures had significant effects on HI. Varieties with high HI could be selected and popularized. The HI of field crop population should be appropriately increased through optimized and integrated cultivation technology and agronomic measures. Seed yield should be improved through the coordination of good varieties and good measures. In recent years, the HI of rapeseed variety bred and popularized in the Yangtze River basin had been significantly affected by its breeding age and plant height, while the difference in wintering among varieties has no significant impact on HI.

Key words: rapeseed, variety, cultivation measure, harvest index (HI)

彭文丽, 王锐, 陈小磊, 刘阿慧, 郑卫东. 不同油菜品种及栽培措施对收获指数的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(17): 3331-3346.

PENG WenLi, WANG Rui, CHEN XiaoLei, LIU AHui, ZHENG WeiDong. Effects of Varied Rapeseed Varieties and Cultivation Measures on Harvest Index[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(17): 3331-3346.

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年份 Year	地点 Site	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2016	湖北武汉Wuhan, Hubei	14.68	1.01	21.21	110.63
2016	贵州碧江Bijiang, Guizhou	30.52	1.38	11.73	71.54
2017	贵州碧江Bijiang, Guizhou	30.22	1.05	14.12	64.21
2018	贵州碧江Bijiang, Guizhou	29.56	0.98	13.78	62.80
2019	贵州碧江Bijiang, Guizhou	30.25	1.28	14.33	64.27
	贵州思南Sinan, Guizhou	28.19	0.78	12.95	68.63
	贵州江口Jiangkou, Guizhou	44.90	1.92	20.81	95.40

处理Treatment	氮肥Nitrogen (N)	磷肥Phosphate (P₂O₅)	钾肥Potassium (K₂O)	硼肥Borax (Boron)
低肥力Low fertilizer input	90	45	75	7.5
中等肥力Medium fertilizer input	180	90	150	7.5
高肥力High fertilizer input	270	135	225	7.5