非洲猪瘟疫苗的研发策略与应用前景：可行性和可能性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

非洲猪瘟（African swine fever, ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus, ASFV）感染猪而引起的一种烈性传染病，强毒株急性感染死亡率可高达100%。当前，ASF全球流行与危害不断加剧。该病自2018年传入我国后，经过3年多的流行，最初暴发的基因Ⅱ型ASFV强毒株，已演化出弱毒株。2021年又出现了基因I型低毒力ASFV的流行，使我国ASF防控和根除面临的形势更加严峻和复杂。作为传染病防控的有效利器，ASF疫苗的研发受到政府、生猪养殖、疫苗制造企业和科学界的广泛关注。随着相关科研经费的不断加大，近年来基于灭活、减毒、亚单位、病毒载体和DNA等疫苗研发策略，在ASF疫苗研究中取得空前进展，加深了对ASF疫苗研发与评价的科学认知。当前，部分ASF疫苗候选株已经或即将进入临床试验阶段，应用前景较为乐观，但仍有一些问题亟待解决。本文结合国内外ASF疫苗最新研究成果与观点，系统总结了不同疫苗研发策略的优势和劣势及其面临的技术瓶颈，现有ASF疫苗候选株的科学评价，并对未来安全高效ASF疫苗的发展方向与挑战，以及ASF疫苗的应用前景进行了讨论，以期为业内人士提供参考。

关键词: 非洲猪瘟, 疫苗, 研发策略, 应用前景

Abstract:

African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) and the mortality of acute ASF is as high as 100%. Since ASF was introduced to China in 2018, the global prevalence and impacts of ASF were increasing. After more than three years of the epidemic of the virulent genotype II ASFV, the low virulent genotypes II and I ASFV strains emerged, resulting in an extremely complicated situation for the control and eradication of ASF in China. As an effective tool for the prevention and control of infectious diseases, the research and development of ASF vaccines have received considerable attention from the government, pig industry, vaccine manufacturers, and the scientific community. With the continuous investment of ASF research funding in recent years, based on development strategies of inactivation, attenuation, subunit, viral vector, and DNA vaccines, the unprecedented progress has been made in the development of ASF vaccines, which increased our understanding of ASF vaccine development and evaluation. In addition, some promising ASF vaccine candidates have been evaluated in preclinical models and were currently in clinical trials, showing the good application prospects, but there were still some problems hindering its further development. With a focus on the latest advances in ASF vaccines, this review summarized the advantages and disadvantages of different vaccines development strategies, the comprehensive evaluation of current ASF vaccine candidates, the development direction in the future, the challenges in developing safe and efficacious ASF vaccines, and the application prospects of ASF vaccines, so as to provide some insights for industry insiders.

Key words: African swine fever, vaccines, development strategies, application prospects

王涛, 罗瑞, 孙元, 仇华吉. 非洲猪瘟疫苗的研发策略与应用前景：可行性和可能性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(11): 2212-2222.

WANG Tao, LUO Rui, SUN Yuan, QIU HuaJi. Development Strategies and Application Prospects of African Swine Fever Vaccines: Feasibility and Probability[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(11): 2212-2222.

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策略 Strategy	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage
灭活疫苗 Inactivated virus vaccine	安全 Safety	不能提供保护 No protection
减毒活疫苗 Live attenuated vaccine	能提供完全同源保护 Complete homology protection	有残留毒力 Residual virulence
亚单位、DNA、活病毒载体疫苗 Subunit/DNA/Live virus-vectored vaccine	只能提供部分或无保护 Partial or no protection	无法阻止发病和排毒 Inability to prevent onset disease and virus shedding
基因缺失疫苗 Gene-deleted vaccine	能提供同源和部分交叉保护 Homology and partial cross-protection	有残留毒力 Residual virulence