437个小麦品种钾收获指数的变异特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.07.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】调查437个小麦品种钾收获指数（potassium harvest index,KHI）的变化范围,分析KHI与产量、籽粒钾含量、籽粒、秸秆、颖壳钾吸收量和钾利用效率之间的关系,同时研究不同株高、育成年代、麦芒对KHI的影响,为钾高效小麦品种的选育提供科学依据。【方法】以不同特性的437个小麦品种为试验材料,在河南洛阳和陕西杨凌进行2年（2018—2020）的田间试验,采用增广随机区组试验设计,设置14个区组,每个区组设置31个试验品种,5个对照品种,每个小麦品种种植6行、行长3 m。成熟期取样,每个小区中部选取一行不缺苗的小麦进行收割,脱粒烘干后计算小麦籽粒产量。每个小区中随机选择5个采样点,每个采样点盲抽6个分蘖,贴地剪断,茎穗分别装入网袋,用于测定不同器官钾含量。采用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂消煮,火焰光度计法测定籽粒、秸秆和颖壳钾含量,并计算KHI、籽粒、秸秆、颖壳、地上部吸钾量、籽粒钾利用效率（grain K utilization efficiency,GKUE）和地上部钾利用效率（shoot K utilization efficiency,SKUE）等指标。【结果】4个环境中（19洛阳、20洛阳、19杨凌和20杨凌）,不同小麦品种间KHI均存在显著差异（P<0.01）,437个小麦品种的KHI变化范围为0.04—0.40,杨凌平均KHI高于洛阳。扬麦18、烟农5158、川麦104、华麦5号、郑麦1860、Dromedaris和太空6号等7个小麦品种具有较高的KHI和产量。KHI与小麦产量在3个环境中呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。KHI与小麦籽粒钾含量和小麦籽粒吸钾量在3个环境呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。KHI与秸秆、颖壳及地上部吸钾量存在显著负相关关系（P<0.05）。小麦产量、籽粒钾含量、籽粒钾吸收量随着KHI的提高而升高,秸秆、颖壳和地上部吸钾量随着KHI的提高而降低。KHI与GKUE和SKUE呈显著正相关关系（P<0.001）。20世纪70年代以前和70—90年代育成的小麦品种的KHI显著低于90年代以后培育的品种（P<0.05）,1990—2010年与2010年以后育成的小麦品种的KHI无显著差异（P>0.05）。随着株高下降,KHI升高。有无麦芒对KHI没有显著影响。【结论】不同小麦品种的KHI存在明显的基因型差异;KHI可以作为小麦钾利用效率的评价指标。创新育种方式,提高钾从营养器官到籽粒的转移效率才能进一步提高小麦KHI。育种过程中将小麦株高保持在合适的范围内有利于提高小麦的KHI。

关键词: 小麦, 育种, 株高, 芒型, 钾收获指数

Abstract:

【Objective】The present study aimed to investigate the variation of potassium (K) harvest index (KHI) among 437 wheat varieties, analyze the relationships between KHI and yield, grain K content, K absorption of different organs and K utilization efficiency; and clarify the effects of the release year of wheat varieties, plant height and awn types on KHI. The present study provided useful information for breeding wheat cultivars with high yield and K use efficiency. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted in Luoyang of Henan Province and Yangling of Shaanxi Province during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growth seasons. Four hundred and thirty-seven wheat varieties with different release years, plant heights and awn types were used as materials. An augmented randomized complete block design was applied and 14 blocks were set up, with 31 experimental varieties and 5 control varieties in each block. Each wheat variety was planted with 6 rows and 3 m long. At maturity, a complete row in the middle of each plot was selected for grain harvest, and the grains were oven-dried and weighed. For tissue K concentration measurement, six tillers were blindly selected in five sampling sites in each plot. Grain, straw and glume were separated, oven-dried, and digested using H₂SO₄-H₂O₂. K concentrations of different organs were measured with a flame photometer, and parameters including KHI, grain, straw and glume K uptake, grain K utilization efficiency (GKUE) and shoot K utilization efficiency (SKUE) were calculated. 【Result】There were significant differences in KHI among different wheat varieties (P<0.01) under all the four environments (19Luoyang, 20Luoyang, 19Yangling and 20Yangling) and KHI of 437 wheat varieties varied from 0.04 to 0.40. The average KHI of Yangling was higher than that of Luoyang. Seven wheat varieties including Yangmai 18, Yannong 5158, Chuanmai 104, Huamai 5, Zhengmai 1860, Dromedaris and Space 6 had higher KHI and yield. There were significant positive correlations between KHI and wheat yield, grain K concentration and grain K uptake in three environments (P<0.05). There were significant negative correlations between KHI and straw K uptake, glume K uptake and shoot total K uptake (P<0.05). Grain yield, grain K concentration and uptake increased along with the increase of KHI, however, straw, glume and the shoot total K uptake decreased along with the increase of KHI. There was a significant positive correlation between KHI and GKUE or SKUE (P<0.001). The KHI of the wheat varieties released before 1970 and from 1970 to 1990 was significantly lower than that of the varieties released after 1990 (P<0.05). The wheat varieties released between 1990 to 2010 had similar KHI with the varieties released after 2010 (P>0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between plant height and KHI. There was no significant difference in KHI between the wheat varieties with and without awn. 【Conclusion】There was a distinct inter-variety variation in wheat KHI. Increasing wheat KHI may positively influence the grain yield of wheat. KHI may be also a good indicator of K utilization efficiency of wheat. To further improve KHI of wheat, novel breeding technologies should be developed to improve the remobilization efficiency of K from vegetative organs to grain. Breeding dwarf or semi-dwarf wheat varieties is beneficial to improve KHI.

Key words: wheat, breeding, plant height, awn type, potassium harvest index

刘硕,张慧,高志源,许吉利,田汇. 437个小麦品种钾收获指数的变异特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(7): 1284-1300.

LIU Shuo,ZHANG Hui,GAO ZhiYuan,XU JiLi,TIAN Hui. Genetic Variations of Potassium Harvest Index in 437 Wheat Varieties[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(7): 1284-1300.

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年份 Year	地点 Site	硝态氮 Nitrate (mg·kg^-1)	铵态氮 Ammonium (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (P₂O₅ mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (K₂O mg·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	pH
2019	洛阳Luoyang	27.90	0.650	8.47	276.6	28.5	7.84
2019	杨凌Yangling	26.70	0.390	9.20	145.5	13.0	8.06
2020	洛阳Luoyang	8.45	3.800	6.60	238.6	24.8	8.02
2020	杨凌Yangling	12.20	1.800	26.30	198.7	13.9	8.52

年份Year	施肥Fertilization	洛阳Luoyang	杨凌Yangling
2018—2019	基肥Basal nutrients input (kg·hm^-2)	N 112.5,P₂O₅ 112.5,K₂O 112.5	N 171.9,P₂O₅112.2
2018—2019	追肥Topdressing input (kg·hm^-2)	N 51.8	-
2019—2020	基肥Basal nutrients input (kg·hm^-2)	N 112.5,P₂O₅ 112.5,K₂O 112.5	N 171.9,P₂O₅112.2
2019—2020	追肥Topdressing input (kg·hm^-2)	N 51.8	-

环境 Environment	品种（消除区组效应）Variety (ignoring block)	对照品种Variety check	试验品种Variety test
环境 Environment	df =436	df =4	df =431
19洛阳 19Luoyang	32.50***	11.40***	32.00***
20洛阳 20Luoyang	17.10***	6.12***	17.30***
19杨凌 19Yangling	2.44***	0.58NS	2.40***
20杨凌 20Yangling	3.69***	4.56**	3.30***