小麦种质资源成株期氮效率评价及筛选

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.18.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】建立小麦成株期氮效率评价方法,挖掘和筛选氮高效种质资源,为小麦氮效率的生理机制研究和氮高效品种的选育提供理论依据和材料基础。【方法】2018—2020年,以108份不同基因型小麦品种为材料,采用大田试验,设置4个氮肥处理水平（0、180、240和360 kg·hm^-2）,调查不同氮水平下小麦株高、穗长、旗叶长、旗叶宽、茎粗、可育小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、粒长、粒宽和单穗产量11个农艺及产量性状,利用模糊隶属函数法、主成分分析法以及聚类分析法对小麦品种进行耐氮性评价和基因型差异分类。【结果】连续2年的数据结果显示,在低氮胁迫下,株高、穗长、旗叶长、旗叶宽、茎粗、可育小穗数、穗粒数和单穗产量8个性状均受到不同程度的抑制,其中,旗叶长对氮胁迫的敏感程度最大。主成分分析提取4个主成分,贡献率分别为39.766%、16.661%、9.361%和9.275%,累积贡献率达75.064%。以耐低氮性综合评价D值进行聚类分析,将供试小麦品种划分为强耐低氮型、耐低氮型、中间型、较敏感型和敏感型5类。筛选出耐低氮型小麦品种5份,温麦19、西农529、石4185、陇麦212和丰抗2,强耐低氮型小麦品种2份,中麦875和西农158。与低氮胁迫不同,高氮胁迫仅抑制茎粗、千粒重、粒长、粒宽和单穗产量5个性状,株高、穗长、旗叶长、旗叶宽、可育小穗数和穗粒数6个性状值随施氮量上升而增加。4个主成分的贡献率分别为31.348%、20.387%、12.452%和9.850%,累积贡献率达74.037%。依据耐高氮性综合评价D值,将供试小麦品种划分为耐高氮型、中间型、高氮较敏感型和高氮敏感型4类。鉴定出耐高氮型小麦品种9份,包括兰考矮早8、良星99、农大179、豫农9901、兰考926和郑农46等。基于籽粒产量和氮综合评价D值,将108份小麦品种划分为4种氮效率类型,双高效型（西农158和陇麦212等）、低氮高效型（西农585和石4185等）、高氮高效型（长丰1号和中种麦10号等）和双低效型（金丰7183和泛麦5号等）。【结论】供氮水平对小麦产量相关性状指标有显著影响,基于小麦种质间氮吸收与利用效率的差异,结合3种分析方法,可以准确评价小麦种质资源成株期氮效率状况。

关键词: 小麦, 氮效率, 筛选指标, 综合评价

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to provide theoretical foundation for the study of physiological mechanism of nitrogen efficiency in wheat and material basis for the breeding of nitrogen efficiency varieties, the evaluation method for nitrogen efficiency of wheat at mature stage was established to explore and screen nitrogen efficiency germplasm resources. 【Method】 In the field experiment, 108 different genotype wheat varieties were used for the treatment of 4 nitrogen application（0, 180, 240, 360 kg·hm^-2）. Eleven indexes of major agronomic traits, including plant height, spike length, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, stem diameter, fertile spikelet number, grain number per spike, thousand kernel weight, grain length, grain width and grain weight per spike were measured for two consecutive years. The nitrogen tolerance and genotype difference of wheat varieties were assessed by the method of Fuzzy membership function, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. 【Result】 The results of two-year data show that plant height, spike length, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, stem diameter, fertile spikelet number, spike grain number and grain weight per spike under low nitrogen stress were all inhibited to varying degrees, among which flag leaf length was the most sensitive to nitrogen stress. Four principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, and the contribution rate was 39.766%, 16.661%, 9.361% and 9.275%, respectively. The cumulative contribution rate reached 75.064%. According to the comprehensive evaluation D value of low nitrogen tolerance, the tested wheat varieties were divided into 5 types: strong low nitrogen tolerance, low nitrogen tolerance, intermediate, low nitrogen light sensitive and low nitrogen sensitive. Five low-nitrogen tolerant wheats including Wenmai19, Xinong 529, Shi 4185, Longmai 212 and Fengkang 2 and two strong low-nitrogen tolerant wheats (Zhongmai 875 and Xinong 158) were selected. Different from low nitrogen stress, high nitrogen stress only inhibited 5 traits including stem diameter, thousand kernel weight, grain length, grain width and grain weight per spike, and 6 traits including plant height, spike length, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, fertile spikelet number and spike grain number increased with the increase of nitrogen application. Principal component analysis extracts 4 principal components, the contribution rates are 31.348%, 20.387%, 12.452% and 9.850%, respectively, and the cumulative contribution rate is 74.037%. Based on the D value of comprehensive evaluation of high nitrogen tolerance, the tested wheat varieties were divided into four categories: high nitrogen tolerance type, intermediate type, high nitrogen light sensitive type and high nitrogen sensitive type. Nine wheat varieties with high nitrogen tolerance were identified, including Lankao Aizao 8, Liangxing 99, Nongda 179, Yunnong 9901, Lankao 926 and Zhengnong 46. Based on the D value of comprehensive evaluation of nitrogen and grain yield, 108 wheat varieties were divided into four nitrogen efficiency types, dual-efficiency type (Xinong 158 and Longmai 212 et al.), low-nitrogen efficiency type (Xinong 585 and Shi 4185 et al.), high-nitrogen efficiency type (Changfeng 1 and Zhongsimai 10 et al.) and dual-inefficiency type (Jinfeng 7183 and Fanmai 5 et al.). 【Conclusion】 Nitrogen supply level has a significant influence on wheat yield-related traits and indexes. The nitrogen efficiency of wheat germplasm resources at maturity might be accurately evaluated combined with three evaluation methods, based on the difference of nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency between wheat germplasm.

Key words: wheat, nitrogen efficiency, screening index, comprehensive evaluation

赵瑞,张旭辉,张程炀,郭泾磊,汪妤,李红霞. 小麦种质资源成株期氮效率评价及筛选[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(18): 3818-3833.

ZHAO Rui,ZHANG XuHui,ZHANG ChengYang,GUO JingLei,WANG Yu,LI HongXia. Evaluation and Screening of Nitrogen Efficiency of Wheat Germplasm Resources at Mature Stage[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(18): 3818-3833.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2021/V54/I18/3818

图/表 10

表1

不同氮水平下小麦成株期氮效率相关性状的差异"

年份 Year	性状 Trait	N1			N2			N3			N4
年份 Year	性状 Trait	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)	平均值 Mean	标准差 SD	变异系数 CV (%)
2019	株高PH (cm)	74.56	11.70	15.69	79.16	13.33	16.84	80.04	12.46	15.57	79.64	12.86	16.15
	穗长SL (cm)	8.48	1.11	13.10	8.93	1.18	13.21	9.30	1.16	12.51	9.39	1.29	13.70
	旗叶长FLL(cm)	12.20	2.69	22.08	13.02	2.55	19.58	13.73	2.21	16.11	14.12	2.47	17.46
	旗叶宽FLW (cm)	1.43	0.23	15.94	1.49	0.24	16.44	1.59	0.23	14.53	1.58	0.23	14.57
	茎粗SD (cm)	3.62	0.40	10.93	3.60	0.40	11.04	3.86	0.35	9.12	3.68	0.33	9.04
	可育小穗数FSN (cm)	17.96	2.13	11.85	18.02	1.83	10.16	18.32	1.68	9.19	18.32	1.76	9.60
	穗粒数GNPS	43.70	7.98	18.26	44.08	7.23	16.41	46.96	7.74	16.48	45.07	7.96	17.65
	千粒重TKW(g)	52.80	4.94	9.36	52.47	4.74	9.04	52.65	5.12	9.72	51.88	5.24	10.09
	粒长GL (cm)	7.46	0.35	4.66	7.50	0.34	4.50	7.45	0.36	4.79	7.45	0.41	5.44
	粒宽GW (cm)	3.94	0.16	4.09	3.91	0.16	3.97	3.90	0.16	4.21	3.87	0.15	3.86
	单穗产量GWPS (g)	2.31	0.50	21.79	2.31	0.44	19.05	2.47	0.47	19.13	2.34	0.47	20.07
2020	株高PH (cm)	76.92	10.62	13.81	77.39	9.06	11.70	78.39	10.55	13.46	78.14	10.12	12.96
	穗长SL (cm)	8.41	1.14	13.49	8.83	0.92	10.46	8.89	0.94	10.59	9.13	1.00	10.95
	旗叶长FLL(cm)	12.80	2.94	22.99	13.96	2.10	15.07	13.76	2.29	16.68	14.38	2.13	14.79
	旗叶宽FLW (cm)	1.19	0.22	18.88	1.16	0.24	20.43	1.24	0.26	21.12	1.27	0.18	14.06
	茎粗SD (cm)	3.59	0.51	14.15	3.90	0.41	10.54	3.82	0.49	12.83	3.66	0.34	9.25
	可育小穗数FSN (cm)	16.41	1.51	9.22	17.65	1.52	8.60	17.35	1.70	9.80	18.22	1.74	9.55
	穗粒数GNPS	43.92	8.20	18.68	47.47	7.72	16.26	46.34	8.29	17.90	47.00	7.89	16.78
	千粒重TKW (g)	45.72	4.39	9.59	47.12	5.02	10.66	44.20	6.32	14.29	45.71	5.03	11.00
	粒长GL (cm)	6.65	0.35	5.28	6.68	0.34	5.12	6.68	0.34	5.08	6.69	0.36	5.35
	粒宽GW (cm)	3.32	0.14	4.23	3.37	0.15	4.31	3.27	0.18	5.50	3.32	0.16	4.97
	单穗产量GWPS (g)	2.01	0.43	21.42	2.24	0.43	19.03	2.04	0.45	21.98	2.15	0.44	20.62

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年份 Year	性状 Trait	低氮胁迫N1/N3 Low nitrogen stress N1/N3 (%)			高氮胁迫N2/N4 High nitrogen stress N2/N4 (%)
年份 Year	性状 Trait	0≤PI1<0.5	0.5≤PI1<1	1≤PI1<1.5	0≤PI2<0.5	0.5≤PI2<1	1≤PI2<1.5
2019	株高PH	0.00	65.74	34.26	0.00	46.30	53.70
	穗长SL	0.93	71.30	26.85	0.00	25.93	74.07
	旗叶长FLL	0.93	73.15	25.00	0.00	28.70	68.52
	旗叶宽FLW	0.00	77.78	22.22	0.00	28.70	69.44
	茎粗SD	0.00	69.44	30.5	0.00	31.48	68.52
	可育小穗数FSN	0.00	50.93	49.07	0.00	38.89	61.11
	穗粒数GNPS	0.93	63.8	33.33	0.00	36.11	63.89
	千粒重TKW	0.00	48.08	50.96	0.00	58.16	41.84
	粒长GL	0.00	47.12	52.88	0.00	61.22	38.78
	粒宽GW	0.00	47.12	52.88	0.00	62.24	37.76
	单穗产量GWPS	0.96	67.31	30.77	0.00	47.96	50.00
2020	株高PH	0.00	61.90	38.10	0.00	46.15	53.85
	穗长SL	0.00	78.10	20.95	0.00	32.69	67.31
	旗叶长FLL	0.00	66.67	32.38	0.00	37.50	62.50
	旗叶宽FLW	0.00	54.29	38.10	0.00	26.92	56.73
	茎粗SD	0.00	70.48	29.52	0.00	70.19	29.81
	可育小穗数FSN	0.00	71.43	28.57	0.00	41.35	58.65
	穗粒数GNPS	0.00	63.81	35.24	0.00	58.65	39.42
	千粒重TKW	0.00	42.86	55.24	0.00	61.54	28.85
	粒长GL	0.00	58.10	41.90	0.00	47.12	52.88
	粒宽GW	0.00	43.81	56.19	0.00	59.62	40.38
	单穗产量GWPS	0.95	59.05	34.29	0.00	57.69	41.35

性状 Trait	耐低氮性（PI-L） Low nitrogen tolerance (PI-L)				耐高氮性（PI-G） High nitrogen tolerance (PI-G)
性状 Trait	因子1 Factor1	因子2 Factor2	因子3 Factor2	因子4 Factor4	因子1 Factor1	因子2 Factor1	因子3 Factor1	因子4 Factor1
株高PH	0.645	-0.085	-0.425	0.465	-0.009	0.586	0.366	0.218
穗长SL	0.744	-0.338	0.036	0.209	0.301	0.464	-0.413	0.547
旗叶长FLL	0.694	-0.288	-0.134	0.449	0.251	0.742	0.065	0.330
旗叶宽FLW	0.303	0.223	0.712	0.411	0.557	0.152	-0.375	0.059
茎粗SD	0.670	-0.383	0.173	-0.249	0.573	-0.058	-0.639	-0.088
可育小穗数FSN	0.822	-0.264	-0.080	-0.311	0.678	0.373	-0.109	-0.548
穗粒数GNPS	0.475	-0.291	0.460	-0.181	0.352	0.580	0.506	-0.132
千粒重TKW	0.620	0.633	-0.071	-0.234	0.709	-0.490	0.356	0.258
粒长GL	0.242	0.635	0.196	0.140	0.554	-0.407	-0.015	0.310
粒宽GW	0.506	0.660	-0.163	0.065	0.679	-0.469	0.311	0.180
单穗产量GWPS	0.883	0.193	-0.074	-0.345	0.895	0.070	0.141	-0.321
特征值Eigenvalue	4.374	1.833	1.030	1.020	3.448	2.243	1.370	1.083
贡献率Contribution rate (%)	39.766	16.661	9.361	9.275	31.348	20.387	12.452	9.850
累计贡献率Accumulated contribution (%)	39.766	56.427	65.788	75.064	31.348	51.736	64.187	74.037

性状 Trait	耐低氮性 Low nitrogen tolerance		耐高氮性 High nitrogen tolerance
性状 Trait	关联度 Correlation degree	位次 Rank	关联度 Correlation degree	位次 Rank
株高PH	0.781	5	0.708	7
穗长SL	0.794	2	0.707	8
旗叶长FLL	0.792	4	0.730	2
旗叶宽FLW	0.748	11	0.703	9
茎粗SD	0.755	9	0.717	5
可育小穗数FSN	0.772	7	0.663	11
穗粒数GNPS	0.752	10	0.712	6
千粒重TKW	0.794	3	0.726	3
粒长GL	0.765	8	0.701	10
粒宽GW	0.773	6	0.718	4
单穗产量GWPS	0.815	1	0.765	1