基于土壤有机质含量推荐的旱地冬小麦施氮量研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.10.009

中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (10): 2020-2033.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.10.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

基于土壤有机质含量推荐的旱地冬小麦施氮量研究

蒋龙刚¹,黄明^1,³,宋庆赟¹,苑爱静¹,李嘉华¹,邱炜红^1,²(),王朝辉^1,²()

¹ 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100
² 西北农林科技大学/旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100
³ 河南科技大学农学院,河南洛阳 471023

收稿日期:2019-08-05 接受日期:2019-09-30 出版日期:2020-05-16 发布日期:2020-05-22
通讯作者: 邱炜红,王朝辉
作者简介:蒋龙刚,E-mail：1490768260@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划专项(2016YFD0200105);国家重点研发计划专项(2018YFD0200401);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503124)

Research on Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Recommended Method Based on Soil Organic Matter in Dryland Wheat Production

JIANG LongGang¹,HUANG Ming^1,³,SONG QingYun¹,YUAN AiJing¹,LI JiaHua¹,QIU WeiHong^1,²(),WANG ZhaoHui^1,²()

¹ College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
² Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
³ School of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan

Received:2019-08-05 Accepted:2019-09-30 Online:2020-05-16 Published:2020-05-22
Contact: WeiHong QIU,ZhaoHui WANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】当前国内已有的小麦氮肥用量推荐方法,尤其是基于测土进行的推荐施肥方法,都存在取样量大、测试工作量大和成本较高的问题,难以被农技推广工作者和小农户接纳与应用推广。为此,本文就一种至少2—3年有效的氮肥用量推荐方法进行研究。【方法】以低有机质含量土壤维持或提高土壤肥力、高有机质土壤降低环境风险为目的,建立基于土壤有机质含量的旱地小麦施氮量推荐方法,施氮量（kg N·hm^-2）=目标产量需氮量（kg N·hm^-2）×施氮系数（N_f）。施氮系数（N_f）由表层土壤有机质含量高低确定。应用这一方法在渭北旱塬冬小麦种植区6县进行了3年田间试验。【结果】基于有机质推荐氮肥施用量平均为161 kg N·hm^-2,比农户习惯施肥（平均为190 kg N·hm^-2）减少了15.3%;而相应的冬小麦平均籽粒产量为5 817 kg·hm^-2,比农户习惯施肥显著提高了9.0%。此外,与农户习惯施肥相比,基于有机质含量推荐施肥的经济效益增加了1 451元/hm²,提高19.3%,小麦收获期1 m土层的硝态氮残留降低了39 kg·hm^-2,显著降低28.3%。【结论】基于土壤有机质含量推荐施肥降低了氮肥施用量并提高了冬小麦籽粒产量,增加了经济效益,降低了土壤硝态氮残留量和施肥的环境风险,可在旱地小麦区推广应用。

关键词: 氮肥推荐, 旱地, 冬小麦, 有机质, 施氮系数

Abstract:

【Objective】 Most of the current existing recommended methods of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application for wheat involved collecting and analyzing a huge quantity of soil samples every year, especially for those based on soil testing, thus these methods were very expensive and difficult to be accepted and applied by the smallholder farmers and junior agricultural technicians. Therefore, it is important to explore an effective N fertilizer recommendation method that does not need testing soil samples each year. 【Method】 A recommended N fertilizer application method that based on the soil organic matter content (SOM) was proposed, the purpose of which was to maintain or improve soil fertility under low SOM condition, and to decrease the environmental risk under high SOM condition in dryland. The N fertilizer application rate was calculated as the N requirement of the target grain yield multiplied by the N fertilizer coefficient (N_f), where N_f was determined by SOM in topsoil. Then a three-year field experiment was conducted to verify this recommended method in six counties of winter wheat planting area in Weibei dryland, with two treatments: FP (Farmers’ practice) and OFP (Optimized fertilization practice based on the method of soil organic matter). 【Result】 The results showed that the average N fertilizer rate of OFP and FP was 161 and 190 kg N·hm^-2, respectively, with a significant decrease of 15.3% by OFP. However, the winter wheat yield in OFP was 5 817 kg·hm^-2and higher (by 9.0%) than that in FP. The net economic return of OFP was 1 451 yuan/hm², with an increase of 19.3% when comparing with FP. In addition, compared with FP, OFP decreased 39 kg·hm^-2nitrate-N residue in 0-1 m soil layers at harvest stage, with a decrease of 28.3%. 【Conclusion】 The recommended N fertilization method based on soil organic matter decreased N fertilizer input increased the wheat grain yield and economic benefits, and reduced the environmental risk in Weibei dryland. Therefore, this method could be taken into account in the management of N fertilizer input by local farmers in this region.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer recommendation, dryland, winter wheat, organic matter, N fertilizer coefficient

蒋龙刚,黄明,宋庆赟,苑爱静,李嘉华,邱炜红,王朝辉. 基于土壤有机质含量推荐的旱地冬小麦施氮量研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(10): 2020-2033.

JIANG LongGang,HUANG Ming,SONG QingYun,YUAN AiJing,LI JiaHua,QIU WeiHong,WANG ZhaoHui. Research on Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Recommended Method Based on Soil Organic Matter in Dryland Wheat Production[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(10): 2020-2033.

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图/表 11

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表6

各试验点2014—2017年冬小麦的氮吸收量、氮收获指数、氮肥偏生产力"

生长季 Growing season	试验地点Experimental site	氮吸收量 Shoot N uptake (kg·hm^-2)		氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)		氮肥偏生产力 N partial productivity (kg·kg^-1)
生长季 Growing season	试验地点Experimental site	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP
2014—2015	彬县BX	213.5b	258.4a	63.7a	56.7b	27.9b	37.5a
	凤翔FX	184.1a	185.2a	75.6a	80.9a	29.9a	34.7a
	合阳HY	179.8a	176.9a	64.8a	70.9a	38.2b	59.8a
	蒲城PC	169.2a	169.5a	73.4a	75.3a	26.0b	45.1a
	耀州YZ	182.1a	171.2a	70.3a	69.9a	37.4b	47.8a
	永寿YS	281.5a	293.4a	46.3a	46.9a	34.6b	42.0a
	平均Mean	201.7a	209.1a	65.7a	66.8a	32.3b	44.5a
2015—2016	彬县BX	252.5b	303.5a	68.8a	61.7b	33.3b	43.4a
	凤翔FX	160.0a	166.3a	83.2a	83.9a	32.2a	32.2a
	合阳HY	110.6a	123.6a	81.7a	81.8a	20.8b	31.6a
	蒲城PC	81.6a	85.7a	80.0a	79.5a	10.8a	14.2a
	耀州YZ	185.1a	202.1a	83.2a	81.1a	42.0b	53.8a
	永寿YS	136.7a	151.7a	85.0a	84.9a	30.1b	39.4a
	平均Mean	154.4b	172.1a	80.3a	78.8a	28.2b	35.8a
2016—2017	彬县BX	217.6a	237.6a	68.2a	68.1a	28.8b	34.5a
	凤翔FX	141.6a	145.5a	75.2a	75.7a	28.6a	30.8a
	合阳HY	129.3a	112.8a	83.3a	83.4a	26.8b	37.0a
	蒲城PC	64.9a	69.3a	77.8a	78.4a	11.6a	11.3a
	耀州YZ	105.0a	113.6a	82.9a	80.4a	20.7a	23.9a
	永寿YS	208.4a	220.3a	74.1a	77.9a	32.4b	47.2a
	平均Mean	144.5a	149.8a	76.9a	77.3a	24.8b	30.8a
2014—2017	彬县BX	227.9b	266.5a	66.9a	62.2b	30.0b	38.5a
	凤翔FX	161.9a	165.7a	78.0a	80.2a	30.2a	32.6a
	合阳HY	139.9a	137.8a	76.6a	78.7a	28.6b	42.8a
	蒲城PC	105.2a	108.2a	77.1a	77.7a	16.1b	23.5a
	耀州YZ	157.4a	162.3a	78.8a	77.1a	33.4b	41.8a
	永寿YS	208.8a	221.8a	68.5a	69.9a	32.3b	42.9a
	平均Mean	166.9b	177.0a	74.3a	74.3a	28.4b	37.0a
变异来源 Source of variance
生长季Growing season		54.4**		90.0**		60.5**
地点Site		118.8**		90.4**		91.6**
处理Treatment		7.4*		0		222.9**

表6

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图5

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土壤有机质指标 Soil organic matter index	0—20 cm土层有机质含量 Organic matter content in 0-20 cm soil layer (g·kg^-1)	施氮系数 N fertilization coefficient, N_f
极低Very low	<8	1.2
低Low	8—12	1.1
中等Middle	12—16	1.0
高High	16—20	0.9
极高Very high	>20	0.8

生长季 Growing season	试验地点 Experimental site	产量 Yield（kg·hm^-2）		生物量Biomass（kg·hm^-2）
生长季 Growing season	试验地点 Experimental site	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP
2014—2015	彬县BX	6731b	7300a	17478b	20491a
	凤翔FX	6931a	7322a	14582a	15231a
	合阳HY	5236b	6057a	14603a	15802a
	蒲城PC	5539b	6139a	11448b	12128a
	耀州YZ	6298a	6704a	13625a	14354a
	永寿YS	6419a	6731a	16910a	18773a
	平均Mean	6192b	6709a	14774b	16130a
2015—2016	彬县BX	7721b	8464a	17244b	25149a
	凤翔FX	6345a	6795a	13164a	13582a
	合阳HY	3126b	3667a	6664a	8199a
	蒲城PC	2151a	2309a	3999a	4638a
	耀州YZ	7098a	7529a	12845a	13252a
	永寿YS	5559a	6342a	9663a	10933a
	平均Mean	5333b	5851a	10597b	12625a
2016—2017	彬县BX	6364b	6897a	16132a	17092a
	凤翔FX	5798a	6245a	13494a	14581a
	合阳HY	3754a	3924a	9275a	9246a
	蒲城PC	1759a	1939a	4403a	4790a
	耀州YZ	3145a	3349a	7022a	7546a
	永寿YS	6082a	6989a	14990a	15754a
	平均Mean	4484b	4890a	10889a	11502a
2014—2017	彬县BX	6939b	7553a	16951b	20911a
	凤翔FX	6358b	6787a	13747a	14465a
	合阳HY	4039b	4550a	10180a	11082a
	蒲城PC	3149b	3462a	6616b	7185a
	耀州YZ	5514a	5860a	11164a	11717a
	永寿YS	6020b	6687a	13855a	15153a
	平均Mean	5337b	5817a	12086b	13419a
变异来源 Source of variance
生长季Growing season		51.9**		91.4**
地点Site		163.1**		178.3**
处理Treatment		28.0**		23.6**

生长季 Growing season	试验地点Experimental site	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)		穗粒数 Grain number per spike		千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)
生长季 Growing season	试验地点Experimental site	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP
2014—2015	彬县BX	686a	759a	31a	29a	31.9a	32.9a
	凤翔FX	475a	499a	38a	37a	38.6a	39.4a
	合阳HY	636a	618a	25a	28a	32.4b	35.6a
	蒲城PC	519a	503a	30a	32a	36.0a	38.4a
	耀州YZ	573a	584a	26a	25a	38.0b	40.1a
	永寿YS	560a	594a	42a	43a	27.5a	27.7a
	平均Mean	575a	593a	32a	33a	34.1b	35.7a
2015—2016	彬县BX	734b	910a	20 a	30a	41.9a	40.1a
	凤翔FX	431a	465a	34a	29b	43.5b	51.7a
	合阳HY	378a	430a	23a	23a	36.9a	37.8a
	蒲城PC	245a	295a	24a	22a	33.4a	33.3a
	耀州YZ	380a	383a	33a	34a	46.3a	46.6a
	永寿YS	301a	332a	36a	38a	42.0a	40.7a
	平均Mean	411b	469a	28a	29a	40.7a	41.7a
2016—2017	彬县BX	701a	676a	21a	24a	43.0a	43.2a
	凤翔FX	516b	589a	32a	30a	35.7a	35.3a
	合阳HY	409a	347a	24a	28a	38.4a	40.4a
	蒲城PC	227a	236a	22a	23a	35.3a	35.9a
	耀州YZ	298a	353a	23a	20a	46.4a	48.1a
	永寿YS	546a	616a	31a	31a	36.7a	36.8a
	平均Mean	449a	470a	25a	26a	39.2a	39.9a
2014—2017	彬县BX	707a	782a	24b	28a	38.9a	38.7a
	凤翔FX	474b	518a	34a	32a	39.3b	42.1
	合阳HY	474a	465a	24a	26a	35.9b	37.9a
	蒲城PC	330a	345a	25a	26a	34.9a	35.8a
	耀州YZ	417a	440a	27a	26a	43.6a	44.9a
	永寿YS	469a	514a	36a	37a	35.4a	35.1a
	平均Mean	479b	511a	29a	29a	38.0b	39.1a
变异来源 Source of variance
生长季Growing season		50.0**		24.4**		82.8**
地点Site		71.7**		47.0**		85.4**
处理Treatment		6.8*		1.40		21.7**

基于土壤有机质含量推荐的旱地冬小麦施氮量研究

Research on Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Recommended Method Based on Soil Organic Matter in Dryland Wheat Production

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试验地点Experimental sites	pH	0—20 cm土层有机质含量 Organic matter content in 0-20 cm soil layer (g·kg^-1)	0—40 cm土层硝态氮含量 Nitrate-N content in 0-40 cm soil layer (mg·kg^-1)	0—40 cm土层有效磷含量 Available P content in 0-40 cm soil layer (mg·kg^-1)	0—40 cm土层有效钾含量 Available K content in 0-40 cm soil layer (mg·kg^-1)	0—100 cm土层硝态氮积累量 Nitrate residue content in 0-100 cm soil layer (kg·hm^-2)
彬县BX	8.3	14.3	11.8	11.3	131	153
凤翔FX1	8.3	13.6	16.8	11.6	121	292
凤翔FX2	8.1	11.1	17.4	9.9	106	153
合阳HY	8.5	14.0	7.7	10.0	187	251
蒲城PC	8.2	12.1	5.2	11.0	173	123
耀州YZ1	8.3	16.0	9.3	14.7	180	74
耀州YZ2	8.1	15.6	54.8	4.9	135	410
永寿YS	8.2	12.4	10.9	11.3	110	104
平均Mean	8.3	13.6	16.7	10.6	143	195

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生长季 Growing season	试验地点 Experimental site	氮肥用量N rate (kg N·hm^-2)		磷肥用量P rate (kg P₂O₅·hm^-2)		钾肥用量K rate (kg K₂O·hm^-2)
生长季 Growing season	试验地点 Experimental site	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP	农户习惯施肥FP	推荐施肥OFP
2014—2015	彬县BX	241	195	139	88	38	30
	凤翔FX	231	211	182	95	0	36
	合阳HY	137	101	138	30	32	30
	蒲城PC	213	136	144	61	69	30
	耀州YZ	169	140	119	47	51	30
	永寿YS	186	160	98	68	41	30
	平均Mean	196	157	137	65	39	31
2015—2016	彬县BX	232	195	124	88	33	30
	凤翔FX	197	211	71	95	25	36
	合阳HY	150	116	131	59	48	30
	蒲城PC	199	163	112	73	27	30
	耀州YZ	169	140	119	47	51	30
	永寿YS	185	161	110	38	0	30
	平均Mean	189	164	111	67	31	31
2016—-2017	彬县BX	221	200	130	90	39	30
	凤翔FX	203	203	101	98	30	35
	合阳HY	140	106	129	54	30	30
	蒲城PC	152	171	105	76	30	30
	耀州YZ	203	140	96	106	30	30
	永寿YS	188	148	114	63	30	30
	平均Mean	185	161	113	81	32	31
2014—2017	彬县BX	231	197	131	89	37	30
	凤翔FX	210	208	118	96	18	36
	合阳HY	142	108	133	48	37	30
	蒲城PC	188	157	120	70	42	30
	耀州YZ	180	140	111	67	44	30
	永寿YS	186	156	107	56	24	30
	平均Mean	190	161	120	71	34	31