灌水时间和灌水比例对单套作玉米产量 及水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探究不同灌水比例和灌水时间对单套作玉米产量及其水分利用效率的影响,为构建套作复合群体水分高效管理技术提供依据。方法采用自动式遮雨棚水分精量控制,2016—2017年连续2年在灌溉定额4 050 m ³·hm ^-2条件下,设置2种种植模式（单作A1、套作A2）、3种灌水比例（播种水25%+拔节水25%+抽雄水25%+灌浆水25%,B1;播种水25%+拔节水25%+抽雄水15%+灌浆水35%,B2;播种水25%+拔节水35%+灌浆水40%,B3）两因素随机区组试验。研究不同种植模式下灌水时间和灌水比例对玉米生育期内土壤含水量、棵间蒸发量、耗水特征、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果相同的灌溉定额下,玉米拔节后单作土壤含水量比套作平均高出16.60%,拔节期—成熟期套作棵间蒸发量平均较单作高出23.60%;单套作耗水强度高峰期均为拔节—抽雄期,日耗水强度最高达到7.21 mm·d ^-1,耗水量占全生育期21.62%—31.67%,拔节期后套作阶段耗水强度均显著高于单作,平均高出3.68%;单作玉米产量在播种水25%+拔节水35%+灌浆水40%时达最高,平均较单作其他处理提高16.49%,水分利用效率平均提高11.71%,而套作则在灌水处理为播种水25%+拔节水25%+抽雄水15%+灌浆水35%时,穗粒数、有效穗数平均较其他灌水处理增加4.47%、6.97%,从而使产量平均增加22.07%,水分利用效率平均提高19.11%。结论本试验灌溉定额为4 050 m ³·hm ^-2下,播种、拔节期、灌浆期分别灌水25%、35%、40%有利于提高单作玉米产量,而套作玉米采用宽窄行带状栽培则需要增加一次灌水时间,在播种、拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期分别灌水25%、25%、15%、35%有利于提高其产量及水分利用效率。

关键词: 套作, 玉米, 棵间蒸发量, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

The effects of different irrigation proportion and irrigation time on yield and water use efficiency of monoculture and intercropping maize were studied to provide a basis for the high efficient water management technology for intercropped maize. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted with two factors randomized block by using automatic rain shelter from 2016-2017, the planting mode and irrigation ratio under the irrigation quota of 4 050 m ³·hm ^-2. Planting mode included monoculture and intercropping. The irrigation ratio included B1(sowing water (25%) + jointing water (25%) + tasseling water (25%) + filling water (25%)), B2(sowing water (25%) + jointing water (25%) + tasseling water (15%) + filling water (35%)), and B3(sowing water (25%) + jointing water (35%) + filling water (40%)). the effects of irrigation time and proportion on soil water content, inter-plant evaporation, water consumption characteristics, yield and water use efficiency of maize in different planting patterns were studied. 【Result】 The results showed that under the same irrigation quota, the soil moisture content for the monoculture maize at the jointing stage was 16.60% higher while it was 23.60% lower from jointing stage to maturity stage than that of intercropped maize. The peak stage of water consumption intensity of monoculture and intercropping was at jointing-tasseling stage, and the maximum daily water consumption intensity reached 7.21 mm·d ^-1, occupied by 21.62%-31.67% of the whole growth period. However, the water consumption intensity of intercropping after jointing stage was significantly higher than that of monoculture by 3.68%. The yield of monoculture maize reached the highest in B3 treatment, it was 16.49% higher than other monoculture treatments, and the water use efficiency was 11.71% higher. However, for intercropped maize, the kernels per spike and effective spike in B2 treatment was 4.47% and 6.97% higher than other irrigation treatments which lead the average yield increased 22.07%, and WUE increased 19.11%. 【Conclusion】 Under the irrigation quota of 4 050 m ³·hm ^-2 in this experiment, the monoculture maize get the highest yield when irrigated with 25%, 35% and 40% water at sowing, jointing and filling stages, respectively. For intercropped maize with wide and narrow rows and strips, the yield and water use efficiency get the highest, when the irrigated with 25%, 25%, 15% and 35% water at sowing, jointing, tasseling and filling stages, respectively.

Key words: intercropping, maize, soil evaporation, yield, water use efficiency

彭霄,蒲甜,杨峰,杨文钰,王小春. 灌水时间和灌水比例对单套作玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(21): 3763-3772.

PENG Xiao,PU Tian,YANG Feng,YANG WenYu,WANG XiaoChun. Effects of Irrigation Time and Ratio on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Maize Under Monoculture and Intercropping[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(21): 3763-3772.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.005

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2019/V52/I21/3763

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment		播种—拔节期 Sowing-Jointing stage	拔节—抽雄期 Jointing-Tasseling stage	抽雄—灌浆期 Tasseling-Filling stage	灌浆—成熟期 Filling-Mature stage
2016	A1B1		0.94a	3.55e	0.65b	0.54c
	A1B2		0.98a	3.67e	0.64b	0.63b
	A1B3		1.01a	3.74d	0.17d	0.70a
	A2B1		0.96a	4.72c	0.71a	0.60b
	A2B2		0.97a	5.35b	0.75a	0.66b
	A2B3		0.95a	5.56a	0.27c	0.77a
	F值F-value	A	0.74	2425.63**	2.9*	3.60*
		B	0.69	95.75**	79.69**	14.13**
		A×B	1.62	39.45**	4.27*	0.36
2017	A1B1		0.65a	0.62d	0.90b	0.60d
	A1B2		0.68a	0.60d	0.86b	0.68c
	A1B3		0.67a	0.67c	0.73c	0.79b
	A2B1		0.58ab	0.74b	1.05a	0.80b
	A2B2		0.70a	0.73b	0.92b	0.82b
	A2B3		0.47b	0.86a	0.59d	0.91a
	F值F-value	A	11.74	102.07**	1.98	135.07**
		B	8.06	11.56**	108.17**	45.34**
		A×B	6.33	1.89	23.80**	4.02

年份 Year	位置 Place	A1			A2
年份 Year	位置 Place	B1	B2	B3	B1	B2	B3
2016	SS	—	—	—	1.64a	1.57a	1.40a
	MS	—	—	—	1.55b	1.56a	1.37ab
	MM	1.17	1.24	1.23	1.45c	1.37b	1.32b
	AVG	1.17e	1.24d	1.23d	1.55a	1.50b	1.36c
2017	SS	—	—	—	0.84a	0.85a	0.85a
	MS	—	—	—	0.78b	0.73b	0.74b
	MM	0.71	0.67	0.65	0.70c	0.62c	0.52c
	AVG	0.71c	0.67d	0.65d	0.77a	0.73b	0.70c

处理 Treatment		播种—拔节期 Sowing-Jointing stage	拔节—抽雄期 Jointing-Tasseling stage	抽雄—灌浆期 Tasseling-Filling stage	灌浆—成熟期 Filling-Mature stage
A1B1		37.92a	0.67c	2.12e	28.56a
A1B2		37.80a	1.27c	4.57c	13.77c
A1B3		37.73a	2.21b	2.31d	10.41c
A2B1		38.19a	2.14b	6.12b	19.07b
A2B2		37.59a	2.02b	11.04a	12.91c
A2B3		37.74a	9.48a	0.82f	26.97a
F值F-value	A	0.01	7.48*	630.41**	7.84**
	B	1.39	904.97**	798.76**	67.02**
	A×B	0.51	587.78**	526.98**	107.58**

处理 Treatment		播种—拔节期 Sowing-Jointing stage			拔节—抽雄期 Jointing-Tasseling stage			抽雄—灌浆期 Tasseling-Filling stage			灌浆—成熟期 Filling-Mature stage
处理 Treatment		CA (mm)	CP (%)	CD (mm)	CA (mm)	CP (%)	CD (mm)	CA (mm)	CP (%)	CD (mm)	CA (mm)	CP (%)	CD (mm)
A1B1		139.19a	29.60c	3.02a	101.67d	21.62c	4.84d	98.88b	21.03b	4.30b	129.56d	27.55d	4.18d
A1B2		138.59a	29.98ab	3.02a	102.27d	22.13b	4.87d	65.57d	14.19d	2.85d	155.77c	33.70c	5.03c
A1B3		138.74a	30.31a	3.02a	144.21b	31.51a	6.87b	2.31e	0.50e	0.10e	172.41b	37.67b	5.56b
A2B1		138.92a	29.81bc	3.03a	103.14c	22.13c	4.96c	107.12a	22.99a	4.66a	120.07e	25.77e	3.87e
A2B2		138.80a	29.87bc	3.01a	103.02c	22.17c	4.91c	72.04c	15.50c	3.13c	154.91c	33.33c	5.00c
A2B3		138.73a	29.00d	3.02a	151.48a	31.67a	7.21a	0.82f	0.17f	0.04f	188.97a	39.50a	6.10a
F值F-value	A	0.01	38.89**	0.00	7.49*	158.30**	6.90*	630.32**	283.92**	779.54**	630.32**	0.79	8.13*
	B	1.39	6.46*	1.15	49574.85**	54821.90**	42507.89**	152512.30**	47811.32**	144910.63**	152512.30**	3227.87**	1937.71**
	A×B	0.51	50.93**	0.38	588.30**	100.80**	507.30**	526.91**	137.67**	368.76**	526.91**	74.84**	110.18**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		穗长 Ear length (cm)	秃尖长 Bald length (cm)	穗粒数 Kernels per spike	有效穗 Number of productive (ear/hm²)	空秆 Empty (spike/hm²)	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)
2016	A1B1		16.38a	1.24d	581b	54436b	5562b	256.39a
	A1B2		16.43a	1.71b	603a	57436a	2562d	260.47a
	A1B3		16.14a	1.97a	621a	58190a	1808e	254.52a
	A2B1		14.94a	1.55c	571b	54463b	5535b	249.34a
	A2B2		14.94a	1.53c	586b	57186a	2812c	257.44a
	A2B3		15.45a	2.00a	565c	53102b	6896a	244.24a
	F值F-value	A	4.79	1.61	220.21**	1542.78**	103195.32**	31.25
		B	0.02	59.91**	42.16**	127.01**	90673.31**	21.82
		A×B	0.21	9.96**	59.74**	810.09**	90816.22**	8.28
2017	A1B1		20.11a	2.00c	609c	55062b	4943c	283.98a
	A1B2		19.76a	1.68d	641b	56939b	3064e	285.82a
	A1B3		22.56a	1.41e	674a	59442a	563f	280.21a
	A2B1		18.60a	2.27b	556e	53995c	6007b	269.61a
	A2B2		18.16a	1.69d	581d	55810b	4188d	279.42a
	A2B3		18.26a	2.86a	543e	49912d	10089a	277.23a
	F值F-value	A	5.89	569.97**	808.15**	139.76**	1.92	2.81
		B	0.72	154.84**	41.71**	12.83**	0.17	0.53
		A×B	0.80	336.97**	75.42**	72.28**	1153222.83	0.51