灌水时间和灌水比例对单套作玉米产量 及水分利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.21.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探究不同灌水比例和灌水时间对单套作玉米产量及其水分利用效率的影响,为构建套作复合群体水分高效管理技术提供依据。方法采用自动式遮雨棚水分精量控制,2016—2017年连续2年在灌溉定额4 050 m ³·hm ^-2条件下,设置2种种植模式（单作A1、套作A2）、3种灌水比例（播种水25%+拔节水25%+抽雄水25%+灌浆水25%,B1;播种水25%+拔节水25%+抽雄水15%+灌浆水35%,B2;播种水25%+拔节水35%+灌浆水40%,B3）两因素随机区组试验。研究不同种植模式下灌水时间和灌水比例对玉米生育期内土壤含水量、棵间蒸发量、耗水特征、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果相同的灌溉定额下,玉米拔节后单作土壤含水量比套作平均高出16.60%,拔节期—成熟期套作棵间蒸发量平均较单作高出23.60%;单套作耗水强度高峰期均为拔节—抽雄期,日耗水强度最高达到7.21 mm·d ^-1,耗水量占全生育期21.62%—31.67%,拔节期后套作阶段耗水强度均显著高于单作,平均高出3.68%;单作玉米产量在播种水25%+拔节水35%+灌浆水40%时达最高,平均较单作其他处理提高16.49%,水分利用效率平均提高11.71%,而套作则在灌水处理为播种水25%+拔节水25%+抽雄水15%+灌浆水35%时,穗粒数、有效穗数平均较其他灌水处理增加4.47%、6.97%,从而使产量平均增加22.07%,水分利用效率平均提高19.11%。结论本试验灌溉定额为4 050 m ³·hm ^-2下,播种、拔节期、灌浆期分别灌水25%、35%、40%有利于提高单作玉米产量,而套作玉米采用宽窄行带状栽培则需要增加一次灌水时间,在播种、拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期分别灌水25%、25%、15%、35%有利于提高其产量及水分利用效率。

关键词: 套作, 玉米, 棵间蒸发量, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

The effects of different irrigation proportion and irrigation time on yield and water use efficiency of monoculture and intercropping maize were studied to provide a basis for the high efficient water management technology for intercropped maize. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted with two factors randomized block by using automatic rain shelter from 2016-2017, the planting mode and irrigation ratio under the irrigation quota of 4 050 m ³·hm ^-2. Planting mode included monoculture and intercropping. The irrigation ratio included B1(sowing water (25%) + jointing water (25%) + tasseling water (25%) + filling water (25%)), B2(sowing water (25%) + jointing water (25%) + tasseling water (15%) + filling water (35%)), and B3(sowing water (25%) + jointing water (35%) + filling water (40%)). the effects of irrigation time and proportion on soil water content, inter-plant evaporation, water consumption characteristics, yield and water use efficiency of maize in different planting patterns were studied. 【Result】 The results showed that under the same irrigation quota, the soil moisture content for the monoculture maize at the jointing stage was 16.60% higher while it was 23.60% lower from jointing stage to maturity stage than that of intercropped maize. The peak stage of water consumption intensity of monoculture and intercropping was at jointing-tasseling stage, and the maximum daily water consumption intensity reached 7.21 mm·d ^-1, occupied by 21.62%-31.67% of the whole growth period. However, the water consumption intensity of intercropping after jointing stage was significantly higher than that of monoculture by 3.68%. The yield of monoculture maize reached the highest in B3 treatment, it was 16.49% higher than other monoculture treatments, and the water use efficiency was 11.71% higher. However, for intercropped maize, the kernels per spike and effective spike in B2 treatment was 4.47% and 6.97% higher than other irrigation treatments which lead the average yield increased 22.07%, and WUE increased 19.11%. 【Conclusion】 Under the irrigation quota of 4 050 m ³·hm ^-2 in this experiment, the monoculture maize get the highest yield when irrigated with 25%, 35% and 40% water at sowing, jointing and filling stages, respectively. For intercropped maize with wide and narrow rows and strips, the yield and water use efficiency get the highest, when the irrigated with 25%, 25%, 15% and 35% water at sowing, jointing, tasseling and filling stages, respectively.

Key words: intercropping, maize, soil evaporation, yield, water use efficiency

彭霄,蒲甜,杨峰,杨文钰,王小春. 灌水时间和灌水比例对单套作玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(21): 3763-3772.

PENG Xiao,PU Tian,YANG Feng,YANG WenYu,WANG XiaoChun. Effects of Irrigation Time and Ratio on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Maize Under Monoculture and Intercropping[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(21): 3763-3772.

图/表 8

图1

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

图2

表6

参考文献 31

[1]	刘昌明, 何希吾, 任鸿遵 . 中国水问题研究. 北京: 气象出版社, 1996.
	LIU C M, HE X W, REN H Z. Study on Water Problems in China. Beijing: Meteorological Press, 1996. ( in Chinese)
[2]	段爱旺, 张寄阳 . 中国灌溉农田粮食作物水分利用效率的研究. 农业工程学报, 2000,16(4):41-44.
	DUAN A W, ZHANG J Y . Water use efficiency of grain crops in irrigated farmland in China. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2000,16(4):41-44. (in Chinese)
[3]	孙建好, 李隆, 张福锁, 马忠明 . 不同施氮水平对小麦/玉米间作产量和水分效应的影响. 中国农学通报, 2007,23(7):345-348.
	SUN J H, LI L, ZHANG F S, MA Z M . Influence of nitrogen application on yield and water effect in wheat/maize intercropping system. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2007,23(7):345-348. (in Chinese)
[4]	叶优良, 肖焱波, 黄玉芳, 李隆 . 小麦/玉米和蚕豆/玉米间作对水分利用的影响. 中国农学通报, 2008,24(3):445-449.
	YE Y L, XIAO Y B, HUANG Y F, LI L . Effect of wheat/maize and faba bean/maize intercropping on water use. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008,24(3):445-449. (in Chinese)
[5]	叶优良, 李隆, 孙建好 . 三种豆科作物与玉米间作对水分利用的影响. 灌溉排水学报, 2008,27(4):33-36.
	YE Y L, LI L, SUN J H . Effect of beans intercropped with maize on water use. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2008,27(4):33-36. (in Chinese)
[6]	刘巽浩, 韩湘玲, 赵明斋, 孔扬庄 . 华北平原地区麦田两熟的光能利用、作物竞争与产量分析. 作物学报, 1981,7(1):63-72.
	LIU X H, HAN X L, ZHAO M Z, KONG Y Z . Studies on solar energy utilization, crop competition and yield analysis in double cropped wheat fields in the North China Plain. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 1981,7(1):63-72. (in Chinese)
[7]	张训忠, 李伯航 . 高肥力条件下玉米大豆间混作物互补与竞争效应研究. 中国农业科学, 1987,20(2):34-41.
	ZHANG X Z, LI B H . A study on the complementary and competition effects induced by inter-and mixed-cropping of maize-soybean on fertile land. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 1987,20(2):34-41. (in Chinese)
[8]	王健, 蔡焕杰, 康燕霞, 陈凤 . 夏玉米棵间土面蒸发与蒸发蒸腾比例研究. 农业工程学报, 2007,23(4):17-21.
	WANG J, CAI H J, KANG X Y, CHEN F . Ratio of soil evaporation to the evapotranspiration for summer maize field. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2007,23(4):17-21. (in Chinese)
[9]	ZHANG H, WANG X, YOU M, LIU C . Water-yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Irrigation Science, 1999,19(1):37-45.
[10]	ZHANG J Y, SUN J S, DUAN A W, WANG J L, SHEN X J, LIU X F . Effects of different planting patterns on water use and yield performance of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai plain of China. Agricultural Water Management, 2007,92(1):41-47.
[11]	BANDYOPADHYAY P K, MALLICK S, RANA S K . Water balance and crop coefficients of summer-grown peanut Arachis hypogaea L. in a humid tropical region of India. Irrigation Science, 2005,23(4):161-169.
[12]	王增丽, 董平国, 樊晓康, 王天任 . 膜下滴灌不同灌溉定额对土壤水盐分布和春玉米产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2016,49(12):2343-2352.
	WANG Z L, DONG P G , FAN X K WANG T R. Effects of irrigation quota on distribution of soil water-salt and yield of spring maize with drip irrigation under mulch. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016,49(12):2343-2352. (in Chinese)
[13]	张金珠, 王振华 , 虎胆·吐马尔白. 干旱区秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响. 排灌机械工程学报, 2014,32(4):350-355.
	ZHANG J Z, WANG Z H , HUDAN T M R B. Effect of straw mulching on growth and yield of cotton under drip irrigation in arid area. Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering, 2014,32(4):350-355. (in Chinese)
[14]	CHEN D Q, YIN L N, DENG X P, WANG S W . Silicon increases salt tolerance by influencing the two-phase growth response to salinity in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2014,36(9):2531-2535.
[15]	OULD AHMED B A, INOUE M, MORITANI S . Effect of saline water irrigation and manure application on the available water content, soil salinity, and growth of wheat. Agricultural Water Management, 2010,97(1):165-170.
[16]	巨龙, 王全九, 王琳芳, 史晓楠 . 灌水量对半干旱区土壤水盐分布特征及冬小麦产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2007,23(1):86-90.
	JU L, WANG Q J, WANG L F, SHI X N . Effects of irrigation amounts on yield of winter wheat and distribution characteristics of soil water-salt in semi-arid region. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2007,23(1):86-90. (in Chinese)
[17]	DONG Q G, YANG Y C, ZHANG T B, ZHOU L F, HE J Q, CHAU H W, ZOU Y F, FENG H . Impacts of ridge with plastic mulch-furrow irrigation on soil salinity, spring maize yield and water use efficiency in an arid saline area. Agricultural Water Management, 2018,201:268-277.
[18]	王俊儒, 李生秀 . 不同生育时期水分有限亏缺对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响. 西北植物学报, 2000,20(2):193-200.
	WANG J R, LI S X . Effect of water-limited deficit stress in different growth stages on winter wheat grain yields and their yield constituents. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2000,20(2):193-200. (in Chinese)
[19]	谭念童, 林琪, 姜雯, 刘义国, 李玲燕 . 限量灌溉对旱地小麦旗叶光合特性日变化和产量的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2011,19(4):805-811.
	TAN N T, LIN Q, JIANG W, LIU Y G, LI L Y . Effect of limited irrigation on diurnal variation in flag-leaf photosynthesis and yield of dryland wheat. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011,19(4):805-811. (in Chinese)
[20]	马瑞昆, 蹇家利, 贾秀玲, 刘淑贞 . 供水深度与冬小麦根系发育的关系. 干旱地区农业研究, 1991,32(3):1-9.
	MA R K, JIAN J L, JIA X L, LIU S Z . The relationship between water supplying depth and root system development of winter wheat. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 1991,32(3):1-9. (in Chinese)
[21]	温辉芹, 张立生, 李生海, 程天灵, 郭明慧 . 山西省中部不同水肥条件下小麦产量构成因素及育种方向研究. 山西农业科学,2011, 29(3):10-13.
	WEN H Q, ZHANG L S, LI S H, CHENG T L, GUO M H . Study on yield components and breeding strategy of wheat under different cultivation in central Shanxi. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2011, 29(3):10-13. (in Chinese)
[22]	肖俊夫, 刘战东, 刘祖贵, 南纪琴 . 不同灌水次数对夏玉米生长发育及水分利用效率的影响. 河南农业科学, 2011 , 40(2):36-40.
	XIAO J F, LIU Z D, LIU Z G, NAN J Q . Effects of different irrigation times on growth and water use efficiency of summer maize. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2011,40(2):36-40. (in Chinese)
[23]	亢振军, 尹光华, 刘作新, 张法升, 沈业杰, 佟娜, 谷健 . 辽西玉米需水规律及灌溉预报研究. 中国科学院学报, 2010,27(5):614-620.
	KANG Z J, YIN G H, LIU Z X, ZHANG F S, SHEN Y J, TONG N, GU J . Water requirement regulation and irrigation forecast of corn in western Liaoning. Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2010,27(5):614-620. (in Chinese)
[24]	范雅君, 吕志远, 田德龙, 郭克贞, 徐冰, 李介钧 . 河套灌区玉米膜下滴灌灌溉制度研究. 干旱地区农业研究, 2015,33(1):123-129.
	FAN Y J, LÜ Z Y, TIAN D L, GUO K Z, XU B, LI J J . Irrigation regime for corn production with drip irrigation and plastic mulching in Hetao irrigation region. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2015,33(1):123-129. (in Chinese)
[25]	黄鹏飞, 尹光华, 谷健, 刘作新, 郭金路 . 交替地下滴灌对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2016,27(8):2507-2512.
	HUANG P F, YIN G H, GU J, LIU Z X, GUO J L . Effects of alternate subsurface drip irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of spring maize. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016,27(8):2507-2512. (in Chinese)
[26]	胡发龙, 柴强, 殷文 . 少耕秸秆覆盖对小麦间作玉米棵间蒸发的影响研究. 农业现代化研究, 2013,34(6):754-757.
	HU F L, CHAI Q, YIN W . Effect of stubble mulching and reduced tillage on soil evaporation in wheat-maize intercropping. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 2013,34(6):754-757. (in Chinese)
[27]	刘昌明, 张喜英, 由懋正 . 大型蒸渗仪与小型棵间蒸发器结合测定冬小麦蒸散的研究. 水利学报, 1998(10):36-39.
	LIU C M, ZHANG X Y, YOU M Z . Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winter wheat field by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro lysimeter.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1998(10):36-39. (in Chinese)
[28]	柴强, 于爱忠, 陈桂平, 黄鹏 . 单作与间作的棵间蒸发量差异及其主要影响因子. 中国生态农业学报, 2011,19(6):1307-1312.
	CHAI Q, YU A Z, CHEN G P, HUANG P . Soil evaporation under sole cropping and intercropping systems and the main driving factors. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011,19(6):1307-1312. (in Chinese)
[29]	林祥, 王东 . 不同底墒条件下补灌对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2017,43(9):1357-1369.
	LIN X, WANG D . Effects of supplemental irrigation on water consumption characteristics, grain yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different soil moisture conditions at seeding stage. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2017,43(9):1357-1369. (in Chinese)
[30]	黄玲, 高阳, 邱新强, 李新强, 申孝军, 孙景生, 巩文军, 段爱旺 . 灌水量和时期对不同品种冬小麦产量和耗水特性的影响. 农业工程学报, 2013,29(14):99-108.
	HUANG L, GAO Y, QIU X Q, LI X Q, SHEN X J, SUN J S, GONG W J, DUAN A W . Effects of irrigation amount and stage on yield and water consumption of different winter wheat cultivars. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013,29(14):99-108. (in Chinese)
[31]	褚鹏飞, 于振文, 王东, 张永丽, 许振柱 . 小麦灌水时期与灌水量对花后果聚糖积累与转运及水分利用效率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2009,20(11):2691-2698.
	CHU P F, YU Z W, WANG D, ZHANG Y L, XU Z Z . Effects of irrigation stage and amount on winter wheat fructan accumulation and translocation after anthesis and water use efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009,20(11):2691-2698. (in Chinese)

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		播种—拔节期 Sowing-Jointing stage	拔节—抽雄期 Jointing-Tasseling stage	抽雄—灌浆期 Tasseling-Filling stage	灌浆—成熟期 Filling-Mature stage
2016	A1B1		0.94a	3.55e	0.65b	0.54c
	A1B2		0.98a	3.67e	0.64b	0.63b
	A1B3		1.01a	3.74d	0.17d	0.70a
	A2B1		0.96a	4.72c	0.71a	0.60b
	A2B2		0.97a	5.35b	0.75a	0.66b
	A2B3		0.95a	5.56a	0.27c	0.77a
	F值F-value	A	0.74	2425.63**	2.9*	3.60*
		B	0.69	95.75**	79.69**	14.13**
		A×B	1.62	39.45**	4.27*	0.36
2017	A1B1		0.65a	0.62d	0.90b	0.60d
	A1B2		0.68a	0.60d	0.86b	0.68c
	A1B3		0.67a	0.67c	0.73c	0.79b
	A2B1		0.58ab	0.74b	1.05a	0.80b
	A2B2		0.70a	0.73b	0.92b	0.82b
	A2B3		0.47b	0.86a	0.59d	0.91a
	F值F-value	A	11.74	102.07**	1.98	135.07**
		B	8.06	11.56**	108.17**	45.34**
		A×B	6.33	1.89	23.80**	4.02

年份 Year	位置 Place	A1			A2
年份 Year	位置 Place	B1	B2	B3	B1	B2	B3
2016	SS	—	—	—	1.64a	1.57a	1.40a
	MS	—	—	—	1.55b	1.56a	1.37ab
	MM	1.17	1.24	1.23	1.45c	1.37b	1.32b
	AVG	1.17e	1.24d	1.23d	1.55a	1.50b	1.36c
2017	SS	—	—	—	0.84a	0.85a	0.85a
	MS	—	—	—	0.78b	0.73b	0.74b
	MM	0.71	0.67	0.65	0.70c	0.62c	0.52c
	AVG	0.71c	0.67d	0.65d	0.77a	0.73b	0.70c

处理 Treatment		播种—拔节期 Sowing-Jointing stage	拔节—抽雄期 Jointing-Tasseling stage	抽雄—灌浆期 Tasseling-Filling stage	灌浆—成熟期 Filling-Mature stage
A1B1		37.92a	0.67c	2.12e	28.56a
A1B2		37.80a	1.27c	4.57c	13.77c
A1B3		37.73a	2.21b	2.31d	10.41c
A2B1		38.19a	2.14b	6.12b	19.07b
A2B2		37.59a	2.02b	11.04a	12.91c
A2B3		37.74a	9.48a	0.82f	26.97a
F值F-value	A	0.01	7.48*	630.41**	7.84**
	B	1.39	904.97**	798.76**	67.02**
	A×B	0.51	587.78**	526.98**	107.58**

处理 Treatment		播种—拔节期 Sowing-Jointing stage			拔节—抽雄期 Jointing-Tasseling stage			抽雄—灌浆期 Tasseling-Filling stage			灌浆—成熟期 Filling-Mature stage
处理 Treatment		CA (mm)	CP (%)	CD (mm)	CA (mm)	CP (%)	CD (mm)	CA (mm)	CP (%)	CD (mm)	CA (mm)	CP (%)	CD (mm)
A1B1		139.19a	29.60c	3.02a	101.67d	21.62c	4.84d	98.88b	21.03b	4.30b	129.56d	27.55d	4.18d
A1B2		138.59a	29.98ab	3.02a	102.27d	22.13b	4.87d	65.57d	14.19d	2.85d	155.77c	33.70c	5.03c
A1B3		138.74a	30.31a	3.02a	144.21b	31.51a	6.87b	2.31e	0.50e	0.10e	172.41b	37.67b	5.56b
A2B1		138.92a	29.81bc	3.03a	103.14c	22.13c	4.96c	107.12a	22.99a	4.66a	120.07e	25.77e	3.87e
A2B2		138.80a	29.87bc	3.01a	103.02c	22.17c	4.91c	72.04c	15.50c	3.13c	154.91c	33.33c	5.00c
A2B3		138.73a	29.00d	3.02a	151.48a	31.67a	7.21a	0.82f	0.17f	0.04f	188.97a	39.50a	6.10a
F值F-value	A	0.01	38.89**	0.00	7.49*	158.30**	6.90*	630.32**	283.92**	779.54**	630.32**	0.79	8.13*
	B	1.39	6.46*	1.15	49574.85**	54821.90**	42507.89**	152512.30**	47811.32**	144910.63**	152512.30**	3227.87**	1937.71**
	A×B	0.51	50.93**	0.38	588.30**	100.80**	507.30**	526.91**	137.67**	368.76**	526.91**	74.84**	110.18**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		穗长 Ear length (cm)	秃尖长 Bald length (cm)	穗粒数 Kernels per spike	有效穗 Number of productive (ear/hm²)	空秆 Empty (spike/hm²)	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)
2016	A1B1		16.38a	1.24d	581b	54436b	5562b	256.39a
	A1B2		16.43a	1.71b	603a	57436a	2562d	260.47a
	A1B3		16.14a	1.97a	621a	58190a	1808e	254.52a
	A2B1		14.94a	1.55c	571b	54463b	5535b	249.34a
	A2B2		14.94a	1.53c	586b	57186a	2812c	257.44a
	A2B3		15.45a	2.00a	565c	53102b	6896a	244.24a
	F值F-value	A	4.79	1.61	220.21**	1542.78**	103195.32**	31.25
		B	0.02	59.91**	42.16**	127.01**	90673.31**	21.82
		A×B	0.21	9.96**	59.74**	810.09**	90816.22**	8.28
2017	A1B1		20.11a	2.00c	609c	55062b	4943c	283.98a
	A1B2		19.76a	1.68d	641b	56939b	3064e	285.82a
	A1B3		22.56a	1.41e	674a	59442a	563f	280.21a
	A2B1		18.60a	2.27b	556e	53995c	6007b	269.61a
	A2B2		18.16a	1.69d	581d	55810b	4188d	279.42a
	A2B3		18.26a	2.86a	543e	49912d	10089a	277.23a
	F值F-value	A	5.89	569.97**	808.15**	139.76**	1.92	2.81
		B	0.72	154.84**	41.71**	12.83**	0.17	0.53
		A×B	0.80	336.97**	75.42**	72.28**	1153222.83	0.51