玉米大豆间作降低小麦玉米轮作体系 土壤氮残留的效应与机制

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.13.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】阐明夏播玉米大豆间作对小麦玉米轮作体系产量、吸氮量、土壤含水量和硝态氮残留的影响，明确间作地上部和地下部因素对间作优势的相对贡献率，为优化资源配置、提高土地生产力提供科学依据。【方法】2011年6月至2012年10月，在河北省徐水县代表性农田设置玉米单作（T1）、大豆单作（T2）、玉米与大豆间作根部不分隔（T3）、玉米与大豆间作根部分隔（T4）4个处理，并对关键生育时期的作物生长、土壤水分和硝态氮含量进行实时观测。【结果】相对作物单作种植模式，间作产量优势明显，玉米大豆间作种植的土地当量比（LER）大于1，间作模式总吸氮量（256.1 kg·hm^-2）显著高于玉米单作种植（159.7 kg·hm^-2）。玉米大豆间作主要通过促进玉米生长和氮素吸收来提高间作系统生产能力，其中地上部因素对间作玉米生物量、产量和吸氮量提高的贡献率分别为81.6%、83.4%和75.7%，而地下部因素的贡献率仅为18.4%、16.6%和24.3%。间作玉米条带土壤含水量显著低于单作玉米，隔根间作玉米土壤含水量显著低于不隔根间作玉米，单作大豆与间作大豆土壤含水量无显著差异，隔根对间作大豆土壤含水量无显著影响。相对单作种植，间作系统降低了玉米收获后各层土壤硝态氮含量，而提高了大豆条带土壤硝态氮含量；相对不隔根处理，间作隔根对玉米土壤硝态氮含量影响不大，但降低了间作大豆土壤硝态氮含量。夏季无论是单作种植还是间作种植，其后茬小麦产量和吸氮量均无显著差异，但间作可以显著降低小麦收获后土壤硝态氮残留量（P＜0.05），相对玉米单作，间作种植的后茬小麦收获后0—100 cm土层硝态氮残留量降低了87.2 kg·hm^-2，其中地上部因素贡献率为77.5%，地下部因素对此贡献仅为22.5%。【结论】夏播间作种植产量优势明显，间作模式整体吸氮量高于玉米单作，其中地上部因素对间作优势的贡献大于地下部因素，并且夏播间作种植对后茬小麦产量和吸氮量均无显著影响。相对单作种植，间作种植降低了玉米条带土壤含水量而对大豆条带无显著影响，间作玉米条带土壤硝态氮含量显著降低而大豆条带土壤硝态氮含量显著提高，但间作系统当季及后茬作物收获后的整体土壤硝态氮残留显著降低。

关键词: 玉米, 大豆, 间作, 隔根, 产量, 土壤氮, 后茬效应

Abstract: 【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to clarify the impact of maize intercropping with soybean on the yield, nitrogen absorption content, soil water content and nitrate residue in wheat-maize rotation system. And the relative contribution of above-ground and below-ground to intercropping advantage was also distinguished, to provide a reference for improving soil productivity and optimizing resource allocation. 【Method】 Four treatments were set up in representative farmlands in Xushui County of Hebei Province from June 2011 to October 2012, including sole maize (T1), sole soybean (T2), maize intercropping with soybean but no root separation (T3), and maize intercropping with soybean with root separation (T4). Crop growth, soil water content and nitrate N concentration in several critical growth periods were monitored in real-time. 【Result】 Intercropping had obvious advantage compared to monoculture. Land equivalent ratio (LER) of maize intercropping with soybean was greater than 1, and its total N accumulation (256.1 kg·hm^-2) was significantly higher than sole maize (159.7 kg·hm^-2). Maize intercropping with soybean improved the system capacity mainly by promoting maize growing and nitrogen accumulation, of which above-ground could increase intercropped maize of biomass, yields and N accumulation by 81.6%, 83.4% and 75.7%, respectively, while the contribution of below-ground was only 18.4%, 16.6% and 24.3%, respectively. Soil water content of intercropped maize was significantly lower than that of sole maize, and soil water content of intercropped maize with root separation was significantly lower than that of intercropped maize without root separation. There was no significant difference in soil water content between intercropped soybean and sole soybean, while root separation had no significant effect on soybean. Compared to monoculture, intercropping system reduced soil nitrate N content of intercropped maize while increased that of intercropped soybean. Compared to no root separation, root separation had a slight effect on soil nitrate N content of intercropped maize but significantly decreased soil nitrate N content of intercropped soybean. No matter monoculture or intercropping in summer, yield and nitrogen accumulation by crop of their residual crop (wheat) had no significant difference, but intercropping could significantly reduce soil nitrate residue after wheat harvest (P＜0.05). Soil (0-100 cm) nitrate N residue of intercropping after wheat harvest reduced by 87.2 kg·hm^-2compared to sole maize, but the contribution of above-ground was 77.5% and that of below-ground was only 22.5%. 【Conclusion】 Intercropping in summer had significant yield advantages, and its N accumulation was higher than sole maize, of which the contribution of above-ground was greater than below-ground in intercropping system, while there was no significant impact on the succession wheat yield and N accumulation. Compared to monoculture, intercropping reduced soil water content of intercropped maize but had no effect on intercropped soybean, and soil nitrate N content of intercropped maize significantly reduced but that of intercropped soybean significantly increased, however, intercropping system could reduce soil nitrate residue of both the current and after-crop harvest.

Key words: maize, soybean, intercropping, root separation, yield, soil nitrogen, residual effect

张亦涛，任天志，刘宏斌，雷秋良，翟丽梅，王洪媛，刘申，尹昌斌，张继宗. 玉米大豆间作降低小麦玉米轮作体系土壤氮残留的效应与机制[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(13): 2580-2590.

ZHANG Yi-tao, REN Tian-zhi, LIU Hong-bin, LEI Qiu-liang, ZHAI Li-mei, WANG Hong-yuan, LIU Shen, YIN Chang-bin, ZHANG Ji-zong. Effect and Mechanism of Maize Intercropping with Soybean on Reducing Soil Nitrogen Residue in Wheat-Maize Rotation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(13): 2580-2590.

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