麦田播娘蒿发生动态及其对小麦产量构成因素的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.13.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】播娘蒿（Descurainia sophia）是中国冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）主产区发生最严重的阔叶杂草之一，严重威胁冬小麦生产安全。研究旨在明确冬小麦田播娘蒿的出苗规律、田间消长动态及不同密度播娘蒿对小麦产量构成的影响。【方法】于2013—2014年在山东省济南市选取播娘蒿发生严重的冬麦田，小麦播种前耕作方式为玉米秸秆还田浅旋耕，采用固定样方和随机样方取样的方法研究冬小麦田播娘蒿的出苗规律及在田间的消长动态。设置小麦播种量67.5、135.0、202.5 kg?hm^-2 3个密度处理，在不同小麦播种密度下，播娘蒿结合人工接种方法，分别控制为0、10、20、40、60、80、160、320、640和1 280株/m²不同密度处理，试验小区内播娘蒿分冬前、初春、返青期3次定苗。比较不同小麦播种量下不同密度播娘蒿对小麦产量及其构成的影响，应用Excel作图分析播娘蒿危害造成小麦的产量损失原因。【结果】小麦播后1周至11月中旬为麦田播娘蒿出苗高峰期，周平均气温在13.5—14.8℃，冬前出苗量占全年出苗总量的96.7%。3月下旬周平均气温上升至8.0℃左右，播娘蒿开始快速生长，4月上旬后平均株高开始超过小麦，5月中旬播娘蒿平均株高趋于稳定，达到115.6 cm，高出同期小麦43.4 cm。越冬期播娘蒿和小麦的平均单茎鲜重变化缓慢，4月上旬后，播娘蒿单株平均鲜重迅速增加，5月上旬达到最大值50.2 g，约为单茎小麦的4倍。播娘蒿对小麦产量的影响主要是通过抑制小麦的有效穗数和穗粒数而实现，对千粒重影响不显著。在小麦播种量为67.5 kg·hm^-2条件下，当播娘蒿株密度从0升至640株/m²时，小麦穗密度则从428.9万穗/hm²降至27.8万穗/hm²，减少了93.5%。小麦播种量在135.0 kg·hm^-2时，当播娘蒿株密度从0升至640株/m²时，小麦穗密度则从549.3万穗/hm²降至188.1万穗/hm²，减少了65.8%。小麦播种量在202.5 kg·hm^-2时，小麦穗密度从669.3万穗/hm²降至321.5万穗/hm²，减少了52.0%。当播娘蒿密度为320株/m²时，小麦67.5、135.0、202.5 kg·hm^-2 3种播种量下产量损失率分别为84.7%、71.9%、64.9%。小麦播种量为67.5和135.0 kg·hm^-2种植密度下，当播娘蒿密度为640株/m²时，小麦产量分别为2 396.3、1 680.2 kg·hm^-2，损失率分别高达97.5%、87.9%，濒临绝产。【结论】播娘蒿的出苗、株高和鲜重的变化与时间、温度密切相关，通过适时进行防除，能够有效控制播娘蒿的危害，适当密植能够减轻播娘蒿对小麦产量的影响。

关键词: 播娘蒿, 发生动态, 小麦, 产量构成因素

Abstract: 【Objective】Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) is the most serious broad-leaved weed in main areas of winter wheat production in China, and it seriously threatens winter wheat production. The objective of this study is to determine the D. sophia dynamics of emergence, plant height, fresh weight and its competitive effect on yield components of wheat. 【Method】 The dynamics of emergence, plant height and fresh weight of D. sophia were surveyed by fixed quadrat sampling and random sampling in wheat field with severe D. sophia infestation in Ji’nan from 2013 to 2014. Shallow rotary tillage was implemented in experimental plot with maize straw giving back before wheat sowing. In order to compare the effect of different D. sophia densities on wheat yield, three wheat planting densities were set as 67.5, 135.0, and 202.5 kg·hm^-2, each wheat planting densities set with different D. sophia densities as 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 160, 320, 640, and 1 280 plants/m². D. sophia densities were based on artificial inoculation, and three final thinning of seedlings were made before winter, early spring, and revival stage. Excel graphing was conducted to analyze the cause of yield loss caused by D. sophia.【Result】The peak of D. sophia seedling emergence appeared after wheat seeding one week to mid-November, the weekly average temperature at 13.5-14.8℃. The amount of seedling emergence before winter accounted for 96.7% of the total annual emergence. In late March, the weekly average temperature raised above 8.0℃, D. sophia seedling began to grow rapidly. Plant height of D. sophia was higher than wheat after early April. In mid-May, D. sophia plant height reached maximum 115.6 cm, and 43.4 cm higher than wheat. The fresh weight of D. sophia and wheat changed slowly at overwintering stage. Fresh weight of D. sophia increased rapidly after April, achieved the maximum 50.2 g in early May, which was four folds of wheat. The effect of D. sophia on wheat yield was primarily through inhibiting the effective ears and grain number per ear of wheat. It had no significant effect on 1 000-seed weight. Wheat spikes were from 4.29 to 0.28 million/hm², reduced by 93.5%, when the D. sophia plant rose from 0 to 640 plants/m² in the plot with 67.5 kg·hm^-2 wheat sowing amount. Wheat spikes were from 5.49 to 1.88 million/hm², reduced by 65.8%, when the D. sophia plant rose from 0 to 640 plants/m² in the plot with 135.0 kg·hm^-2 wheat sowing amount. Wheat spikes were from 6.69 to 3.22 million/hm², reduced by 52.0%, when the D. sophia plant rose from 0 to 320 plants/m² in the plot with 202.5 kg·hm^-2 wheat sowing amount. The loss rate of wheat was 84.7%, 71.9%, and 64.9% when the D. sophia density was at 320 plants/m² in the three wheat planting densities. The wheat yield was 2 396.3 and 1 680.2 kg·hm^-2, the loss rate was as high as 97.5% and 87.9% in the plots with wheat sowing amount at 67.5 and 135.0 kg·hm^-2, on the verge of failure. 【Conclusion】The dynamics of emergence, plant height and fresh weight of D. sophia were closely related with phenology. The damages of D. sophia can be effectively controlled and the impact of D. sophia on wheat production can be reduced by timely control and rational close planting.

Key words: Descurainia sophia, occurrence dymamic, wheat, yield components

房锋，李美，高兴祥，李健，李燕. 麦田播娘蒿发生动态及其对小麦产量构成因素的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(13): 2559-2568.

FANG Feng, LI Mei, GAO Xing-xiang, LI Jian, LI Yan. Occurrence of Flixweed (Descurainia sophia) in Wheat Fields and Its Influence on Wheat Yield Components[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(13): 2559-2568.

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