新梢内源激素变化对设施葡萄花芽孕育的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.23.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】通过研究花芽分化进程中葡萄新梢内源激素的变化规律，明确激素对设施促早栽培葡萄花芽孕育的影响，为解决设施葡萄促早栽培中“隔年结果”问题提供理论依据。【方法】以4年生贝达嫁接的‘京蜜’（V.vinifera cv. Jingmi，耐弱光品种，在日光温室促早栽培条件下不需采取任何措施即可连年丰产）与‘夏黑’（V. vinifera-V. labrusca cv. Summer Black，非耐弱光品种，在日光温室促早栽培条件下需采取更新修剪措施方能连年丰产）为试材，进行设施促早栽培（‘京蜜’和‘夏黑’）和露地栽培（‘夏黑’）处理。采集基部第1节粗度大于0.5 cm的葡萄新梢，选取其上2—3节冬芽主芽作为研究对象，借助石蜡切片法绘制取样时期—分化比率花芽分化进程图，观察其花芽分化进程；同时借助酶联免疫法测定新梢基部2—3节枝段赤霉素（GAs）、细胞分裂素（ZRs）、脱落酸（ABA）和生长素（IAA）等内源激素含量和比值的变化。【结果】新梢内源激素含量变化：与成花极差的设施促早栽培‘夏黑’不同，成花良好的设施促早栽培‘京蜜’和露地栽培‘夏黑’自雏梢生长点的未分化期（新梢展5—7叶）至雏梢生长点的顶分期（初花期）新梢内源ZRs含量一直呈稳定上升趋势；自雏梢生长点的半球/平顶分化盛期（花穗分离期）至始原始体分化盛期（坐果期）新梢内源ABA含量迅速增加；自雏梢生长点的未分化期（新梢展5—7叶）至始原始体分化盛期（果实膨大初期）新梢内源GAs的含量呈降-升-降的变化趋势；在整个花芽分化进程中新梢内源IAA的含量较高。新梢内源激素含量比值变化：与成花极差的设施促早栽培‘夏黑’不同，成花良好的设施促早栽培‘京蜜’和露地栽培‘夏黑’于花穗分离期（雏梢生长点半球/平顶期至顶分期）和果实膨大期（始原始体至花序主轴及各小穗原基形成期的分化盛期）新梢内源ZRs/GAs的比值显著增加；自花穗分离期（雏梢生长点半球/平顶期至顶分期）新梢内源ZRs/IAA的比值略微上升随后（半球/平顶期到花序二级轴分化盛期）保持平稳，且维持在较低水平；果实膨大后期（始原始体出现盛期至花序二级轴开始形成）新梢内源的ABA/GAs比值显著增加；果实膨大期（始原始体至花序主轴及各小穗原基形成期的分化盛期）之后新梢内源的ABA/IAA比值保持稳定，维持在较低水平。【结论】果实膨大期（始原始体形成）之前是花芽分化调控的关键时期。果实膨大期之前新梢内源GAs含量缺乏变化、初花期前ZRs含量和花穗分离期至坐果期ABA含量迅速下降、花芽分化进程中新梢内源IAA含量低可能是设施葡萄不能形成良好花芽的重要原因。激素间通过特定时期的平衡互作调控设施葡萄的花芽分化。花穗分离期之后新梢保持较低且稳定的内源ZRs/IAA比值利于成花，花穗分离期和果实膨大期新梢内源ZRs/GAs比值的显著上升、果实膨大期之后较高的ABA/GAs比值和较低且稳定的ABA/IAA比值促进了始原始体及花序主轴发育和二级轴的形成。

关键词: 葡萄, 花芽孕育, 新梢, 内源激素, 设施栽培

Abstract: 【Objective】 The objective of this experiment is to study the changes of endogenous hormones in grape shoots during the flower bud differentiation process and analyze its functions on grape flower bud formation and to provide a theoretical basis for solving the problem of “alternate bearing” in grape facilities and promoting early cultivation. 【Method】 Four-year-old beta grafted ‘Jingmi’ (V. vinifera CV. Jingmi, a weak light resistant variety, sustainable productivity can be obtained under early maturing cultivation in sunlight greenhouse without taking any measures) and ‘Summer Black’ (V.vinifera-V. labrusca CV. Summer Black, a weak light unresistant variety, sustainable productivity can be obtained under early-maturing cultivation in sunlight greenhouse needs renewal pruning) were used as materials, the experimental treatments of early maturing promoting cultivation in greenhouse (‘Jingmi’and ‘Summer Black’) and the opening field cultivation (‘Summer Black’) were designed, the process of flower bud differentiation in sampling period and the differentiation ratio were mapped and the flower bud differentiation process was observed by means of paraffin sectioning, through collecting the grape shoots which its roughness of the first node was greater than 0.5 cm and choosing the main winter bud of 2-3 nodes as the research material. At the same time, the contents of GAs, ZRs, ABA and IAA and the ratio of endogenous hormone levels of shoots base 2-3 nodes period were determined by using enzyme-linked immunoassay. 【Result】 The changes of endogenous hormones content in shoot were observed as follows: They were different from ‘Summer black’ with the poorest flowering in greenhouse, endogenous ZRs contents in shoots of ‘Jingmi’ with good flowering in greenhouse and ‘Summer black’ in open field showed a steadily rising trend since undifferentiation stage of embryo shoot growing point (5-7 leaves separated) to Bipartite stage of embryo shoot growing point (early flowering period). Since dome or flat differentiation stage of embryo shoot growing point (inflorescence separated) to anlagen differentiation stages (fruit-setting), endogenous ABA content increased rapidly. Since undifferentiation stage of embryo shoot growing point (5-7 leaves separated) to anlagen differentiation stages (berry enlarging begin), endogenous GAs content showed a trend of down-upward-down. Endogenous IAA content was higher in the whole flower bud differentiation process. The changes of endogenous hormones ratio in shoot were as follows: They were different from ‘Summer black’ with poorest flowering in greenhouse, endogenous ZRs/GAs ratio in shoots of ‘Jingmi’ with good flowering in greenhouse and ‘Summer black’ in open field increased significantly from inflorescence separating stage (from dome or flat stage of embryo shoot growing point to bipartite stage) and berry enlarging stage (from anlagen appearance to formation of the main axis of the inflorescence primordium and second branching of inflorescence primordium). The ratio of endogenous ZRs/IAA rose slightly since inflorescence separating stage (from dome or flat stage of embryo shoot growing point to bipartite stage), then held steady at lower levels from dome or flat stage of growing point to second branching differentiation stage of inflorescence primordium. Endogenous ABA/GAs ratio in shoots increased significantly at the late fruit enlarging stage (from anlagen appearance to formation of second branching of inflorescence primordium). Endogenous ABA/IAA ratio in shoots maintained at a lower level after fruit enlarging stage (from anlagen appearance to differentiation stage of the main axis of the inflorescence primordium). 【Conclusion】 The time before berry enlarging stage was the key moment of differentiation and regulation of flower bud. Endogenous GAs content in shoots showed less changes before berry enlarging stage, ZRs content before flowering beginning and ABA content from inflorescence separating to fruit setting rapidly declined, endogenous IAA content in shoots was low in the flower bud differentiation process. They could be the main reasons why grape in greenhouse could not form good quality flower buds. Endogenous hormones regulate the grape flower formation by balancing and cross-interacting at the specific period. Endogenous ZRs/IAA ratio in shoots maintained lower and stable after inflorescence separating stage was in favor of the formation of flower bud. The ratio of endogenous ZRs/GAs increased significantly at inflorescence separating stage and berry enlarging stage. The higher ABA/GAs ratio and the lower and stable ratio of ABA/IAA promoted the formation of anlagen and the main axis and second branching of inflorescence primordium after berry enlarging stage.

Key words: grape, flower bud differentiation, shoot, endogenous hormones, protected cultivation to promote early maturing

王海波，赵君全，王孝娣，史祥宾，王宝亮，郑晓翠，刘凤之. 新梢内源激素变化对设施葡萄花芽孕育的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(23): 4695-4705.

WANG Hai-bo, ZHAO Jun-quan, WANG Xiao-di, SHI Xiang-bin, WANG Bao-liang, ZHENG Xiao-cui, LIU Feng-zhi. The Influence of Changes of Endogenous Hormones in Shoot on the Grapes Flower Bud Differentiation in Greenhouse[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(23): 4695-4705.

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