间作绿肥下减氮并配施生物炭降低玉米生产氮足迹

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.010

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (16): 3605-3620.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.16.010

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

间作绿肥下减氮并配施生物炭降低玉米生产氮足迹

吴佳佳¹(), 刘蕊¹, 李鑫艳¹, 张久东², 常单娜³(), 曹卫东³()

¹ 山西农业大学资源环境学院，山西太谷 030800
² 甘肃省农业科学院土壤肥料与节水农业研究所，兰州 730070
³ 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室，北京 100081

收稿日期:2025-10-26 接受日期:2025-11-22 出版日期:2026-08-16 发布日期:2026-08-17
通信作者:
常单娜，E-mail：changdanna@caas.cn。
曹卫东，E-mail：caoweidong@caas.cn。
联系方式: 吴佳佳，E-mail：2978594601@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1700200); 国家绿肥产业技术体系(CARS-22); 中国农业科学院科技创新工程

Reducing Nitrogen Footprint of Maize Production with Intercropping Green Manure, Nitrogen Reduction, and Sesbania Biochar

WU JiaJia¹(), LIU Rui¹, LI XinYan¹, ZHANG JiuDong², CHANG DanNa³(), CAO WeiDong³()

¹ College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030800, Shanxi
² Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Water-Saving Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070
³ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Beijing 100081

Received:2025-10-26 Accepted:2025-11-22 Published:2026-08-16 Online:2026-08-17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】玉米间作豆科绿肥能够实现节肥增效，施用生物炭是减少农田气态氮损失的有效措施。然而，关于间作绿肥下减氮并配施生物炭对氮素气态损失及系统氮足迹的影响尚不明确。为此，本研究通过田间试验，明确该模式对氮素气态损失与系统氮足迹的综合影响，为西北绿洲灌区玉米生产的绿色发展提供技术途径。【方法】于2021年在甘肃武威绿洲农业试验站开始设置田间试验，双因素设计，主因素为施氮制度，包括常规施氮（N100），减氮30%（N70），减氮30%配施田菁生物炭（N70S）。副因素为种植模式，分别为玉米单作（MM）和玉米间作箭筈豌豆（IMC）。共形成6个处理：N100-MM、N100-IMC、N70-MM、N70-IMC、N70S-MM、N70S-IMC。测定2024—2025年玉米产量、氮素吸收及土壤理化性状，同步监测氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放与氨（NH₃）挥发，并采用生命周期评价法量化系统氮足迹。【结果】相比常规施氮，减氮30%玉米籽粒产量、地上部生物量和氮素累积量分别降低7.9%、6.1%和4.7%；而配施田菁生物炭籽粒产量和地上部生物量分别增加8.6%和2.7%。玉米间作绿肥较单作增产3.8%。N70S-IMC较N100-MM处理产量、生物量和氮素累积量分别增加了12.6%、4.3%和4.0%。减氮30%处理的N₂O和NH₃累积排放量分别降低16.0%—25.2%和9.9%—24.7%，配施田菁生物炭处理分别降低24.8%—27.7%和17.6%—43.9%。相比N100-MM，N70-IMC处理的N₂O和NH₃累积排放量分别降低了12.1%—20.1%和11.2%—20.1%，N70S-IMC处理分别降低15.3%—24.3%和20.1%—35.8%。N70-IMC较N100-MM处理土壤铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和微生物量氮（MBN）分别降低17.6%、15.6%和9.6%，N70S-IMC处理土壤NH₄⁺-N和可溶性有机氮（DON）分别降低15.6%和7.3%，全氮（TN）和MBN分别增加3.9%和25.0%。随机森林分析表明，土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、MBN和DON是驱动N₂O排放的关键因子，而NH₃挥发主要受NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和全氮驱动。生命周期评价表明，相比N100-MM处理，N70-IMC和N70S-IMC处理的氮足迹分别降低28.9%和39.7%，N70S-IMC较N70-IMC处理氮足迹降低了10.4%。【结论】玉米间作绿肥减氮30%配施田菁生物炭能够增加玉米产量和氮素吸收，改善土壤理化性状，降低N₂O排放、NH₃挥发及系统氮足迹，是西北绿洲灌区玉米绿色可持续生产的有效路径。

关键词: 玉米, 绿肥, 间作, 田菁生物炭, N₂O排放, NH₃挥发, 氮足迹

Abstract:

【Objective】 Intercropping maize with leguminous green manure can achieve fertilizer conservation and efficiency improvement. Biochar application is an effective measure to mitigate gaseous nitrogen loss form farmland. However, the impacts of nitrogen reduction under intercropping green manure combined with the biochar application on gaseous nitrogen loss and the system’s nitrogen footprint remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate this comprehensive practice to provide a technical approach for the green maize production in oasis irrigation areas of Northwest China. 【Method】 A two-factor field experiment was set up in 2021 at Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Experimental Station in Gansu Province. The experiment employed a two-factorial design. The main factor was nitrogen application system, including conventional nitrogen application (N100), 30% nitrogen reduction (N70), and 30% nitrogen reduction combined with sesbania biochar (N70S). The second factors were cropping patterns, including maize monoculture (MM) and maize intercropping with common vetch (IMC). Six treatments were formed: N100-MM, N100-IMC, N70-MM, N70-IMC, N70S-MM, and N70S-IMC. From 2024 to 2025, maize yield, nitrogen absorption and soil physicochemical properties were measured, nitrous oxide emission and ammonia volatilization were monitored, and the nitrogen footprint of the system was quantified by life cycle assessment method. 【Result】 Compared with N100, N70 decreased maize grain yield, aboveground biomass and nitrogen absorption by 7.9%, 6.1% and 4.7%, respectively. In contrast, N70S increased grain yield and biomass by 8.6% and 2.7%, respectively. IMC increased the yield by 3.8% compared with MM. Notably, N70S-IMC increased grain yield, aboveground biomass and nitrogen absorption by 12.6%, 4.3% and 4.0%, respectively, compared with N100-MM. The N70 reduced cumulative N₂O emissions and NH₃ volatilization by 16.0% to 25.2% and 9.9% to 24.7%, respectively, relative to N100. The N70S further reduced these emissions by 24.8% to 27.7% and 17.6% to 43.9%, respectively. Compared with N100-MM, N70-IMC and N70S-IMC reduced cumulative N₂O emissions by 12.1% to 20.1% and 20.1% to 35.8% and NH₃volatilization by 15.3% to 24.3% and 11.2% to 20.1%, respectively. Soil analysis showed that, compared with N100-MM, N70-IMC decreased soil ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N), and microbial nitrogen (MBN) by 17.6%, 15.6%, and 9.6%, respectively. While N70S-IMC decreased NH₄⁺-N and soluble organic nitrogen (DON) by 15.6% and 7.3%, respectively, but increased total nitrogen (TN) and MBN by 3.9% and 25.0%, respectively. Random forest analysis indicated that soil NO₃^--N, NH₄⁺-N, MBN and DON were the key factors driving N₂O emissions, while NH₃ volatilization was mainly driven by NO₃^--N, NH₄⁺-N and TN. Life cycle assessment indicated that the nitrogen footprint under N70-IMC and N70S-IMC was decreased by 28.9% and 39.7%, respectively, compared with the N100-MM. Furthermore, the nitrogen footprint of the N70S-IMC treatment was 10.4% lower than that under N70-MM. 【Conclusion】 The combination of maize-green manure intercropping, 30% nitrogen reduction, and sesbania biochar application increased grain yield and nitrogen absorption, improved key soil properties, and lowered N₂O emissions, NH₃ volatilization, and the system’s nitrogen footprint, which was an effective path for green and sustainable maize production in the Northwest Oasis Irrigation District.

Key words: maize, green manure, intercropping, sesbania biochar, N₂O emissions, NH₃volatilization, nitrogen footprint

吴佳佳, 刘蕊, 李鑫艳, 张久东, 常单娜, 曹卫东. 间作绿肥下减氮并配施生物炭降低玉米生产氮足迹[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(16): 3605-3620.

WU JiaJia, LIU Rui, LI XinYan, ZHANG JiuDong, CHANG DanNa, CAO WeiDong. Reducing Nitrogen Footprint of Maize Production with Intercropping Green Manure, Nitrogen Reduction, and Sesbania Biochar[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(16): 3605-3620.

图/表 10

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表2

不同处理中土壤理化性状（2024-2025年）"

年份 Year	施氮制度 Fertilization system	种植模式 Cropping pattern	pH		有机质 SOM (g·kg^-1)		全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)		有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)		速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)		铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)		硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)		可溶性有机碳 DOC (mg·kg^-1)		可溶性有机氮 DON (mg·kg^-1)		微生物量碳 MBC (mg·kg^-1)		微生物量氮 MBN (mg·kg^-1)
2024	N100	MM	8.33±0.01b	C	24.9±0.7ab	A	1.3±0.2c	B	23.9±1.6a	A	78.8±3.3a	A	1.3±0.7b	A	15.3±0.9b	A	112.7±0.5b	A	43.5±0.6b	A	102.1±2.8c	B	32.9±1.0b	A
	N100	IMC	8.27±0.02c	C	25.7±0.4a	A	1.3±0.1b	B	24.8±0.7a	A	77.3±2.8a	A	1.4±0.1a	A	17.9±0.8a	A	118.1±3.3a	A	45.7±0.7a	A	111.9±7.0b	B	37.1±1.6a	A
	N70	MM	8.31±0.04bc	B	24.2±0.2b	B	1.3±0.1d	C	20.0±0.4b	B	74.7±4.6a	A	0.9±0.1d	B	10.5±0.4d	B	97.1±1.3c	B	38.7±0.7e	B	90.2±0.4d	C	26.1±0.7d	B
	N70	IMC	8.47±0.03a	B	24.6±0.6ab	B	1.3±0.1c	C	21.3±1.6ab	B	78.5±3.0a	A	1.1±0.1c	B	13.0±0.8c	B	108.5±1.2b	B	41.9±1.4c	B	94.7±1.8d	C	29.8±1.0c	B
	N70S	MM	8.48±0.01a	A	25.3±0.3ab	A	1.4±0.1b	A	22.5±3.2ab	A	79.2±2.3a	A	1.0±0.1d	B	11.8±0.9cd	B	101.4±1.6c	B	39.6±0.8de	B	109.2±3.4b	A	28.1±0.7c	B
	N70S	IMC	8.47±0.01a	A	25.3±1.0ab	A	1.4±0.1a	A	23.8±2.1a	A	75.7±1.0a	A	1.1±0.1c	B	14.8±0.5b	B	108.1±5.2b	B	40.6±0.4cd	B	127.6±4.8a	A	32.6±0.6b	B
	双因素方差分析 Two-way analysis of variance
	N		78.478***		4.425*		72.058***		6.51*		0.365		33.977***		68.65***		38.142***		77.560***		40.365***		159.084***
	C		6.648*		1.645		27.333***		1.807		0.073		19.374***		61.437***		38.519***		26.094***		38.371***		81.562***
	N×C		35.836***		0.606		1.21		0.024		2.323		0.036		0.241		2.146		0.932		1.358		0.144
2025	N100	MM	8.45±0.01a	A	23.8±0.7ab	A	1.2±0.3a	A	25.0±0.6a	A	76.5±2.3a	A	1.5±0.1ab	A	16.6±0.9b	A	95.7±0.5b	A	38.8±0.5b	A	106.9±2.8cd	B	39.9±1.2b	A
	N100	IMC	8.39±0.02a	A	24.5±0.4a	A	1.2±0.5a	A	25.9±2.7a	A	75.0±1.1a	A	1.6±0.2a	A	19.6±0.9a	A	100.4±2.9a	A	41.0±0.7a	A	116.7±7.0b	B	45.1±2.0a	A
	N70	MM	8.42±0.04a	A	23.1±0.2b	B	1.2±1.0a	A	19.7±2.6b	B	72.4±4.7a	A	1.2±0.2bc	B	11.5±0.5d	B	82.1±1.1c	B	34.1±0.7d	B	105.0±0.4d	B	31.5±0.8d	B
	N70	IMC	8.41±0.15a	A	23.4±0.6ab	B	1.2±0.3a	A	22.3±1.6ab	B	76.2±2.1a	A	1.2±0.2c	B	14.1±0.9c	B	92.1±1.0b	B	37.2±1.4b	B	105.5±4.1d	B	36.1±1.2c	B
	N70S	MM	8.49±0.09a	A	24.2±0.3ab	A	1.2±0.3a	A	23.5±1.1ab	A	76.8±1.3a	A	1.1±0.1c	B	12.9±0.9cd	B	85.8±1.4c	B	35.0±0.8c	B	113.9±3.4b	A	34.0±0.8c	B
	N70S	IMC	8.44±0.03a	A	24.2±1.0ab	A	1.3±0.1a	A	24.8±1.0a	A	73.3±0.8a	A	1.3±0.1bc	B	16.2±0.6b	B	91.7±4.5b	B	36.0±0.4c	B	132.4±4.8a	A	39.5±0.7b	B
	双因素方差分析 Two-way analysis of variance
	N		0.001		6.6455*		0.618		13.165**		0.659		16.019***		128.874***		65.884***		79.260***		7.125*		138.274***
	C		2.053		1.548		1.082		1.816		0.67		3.561		56.548***		29.397***		22.436***		30.166***		78.611***
	N×C		0.251		0.339		0.07		0.515		2.205		0.715		0.115		3.908		0.283		3.623		0.384

表2

图7

图8

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投入 Input	单位 Unit	活性氮损失系数 Cumulative reactive N losses (kg N-eq·kg^-1)	来源 Source
氮肥N fertilizer	kg N	7.15×10^-3	[29]
磷肥P fertilizer	kg P₂O₅	1.83×10^-4
除草剂Herbicide	kg	4.69×10^-3
杀虫剂Insecticide	kg	4.69×10^-3
农膜Agricultural film	kg N-eq·kg^-1	1.2×10^-4
柴油Diesel	L	2.86×10^-2
灌溉用电Irrigation electricity	kWh	1.97×10^-3
生物炭Biochar	kg N-eq·t^-1	-1.26	[30]

间作绿肥下减氮并配施生物炭降低玉米生产氮足迹

Reducing Nitrogen Footprint of Maize Production with Intercropping Green Manure, Nitrogen Reduction, and Sesbania Biochar

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