不同害虫管理模式对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.11.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨不同害虫管理模式对棉田节肢动物群落多样性的影响，为建立以生态防控为核心的棉田绿色管理模式提供理论依据。【方法】在新疆棉田分别设置生态防控、不防控和化学防控3种管理模式，采用6种方法（目测法、马氏网集虫法、扫网法、黄板诱集法、盆拍法和陷阱法）系统调查棉田节肢动物的种类与数量，分析3种管理模式下棉田节肢动物群落组成的差异、节肢动物各功能群结构特征和多样性特征、节肢动物多样性指数的时序变化以及群落益害比。【结果】3种管理模式下，棉田节肢动物种类和数量各有差异，其中不防控棉田最多（12目61科85 426头），生态防控棉田次之（14目78科75 072头），化学防控棉田最少（10目48科41 237头）；半翅目蚜科和缨翅目蓟马科均为3种棉田的优势类群。肉食性类群在生态防控棉田较多（34科），在不防控棉田（23科）和化学防控棉田（20科）相对较少；植食性类群在生态防控棉田较多（30科），不防控棉田次之（26科），化学防控棉田较少（19科）。生态防控棉田的节肢动物物种丰富度在棉花全生育期维持最高水平，多样性指数、集中性和均匀度在3种模式下的变化趋势一致，优势度则与上述3项指标呈相反变化规律，且生态防控对节肢动物物种丰富度和多样性指数的提升作用在棉花蕾期最为显著。此外，生态防控棉田的肉食性类群与植食性类群的个体数比（1﹕0.882）和科数比（1﹕16.825）均为3种模式中最高。【结论】生态防控可增加棉田节肢动物丰度和天敌数量进而控制棉田害虫数量，对调控棉田节肢动物群落结构具有一定的促进作用。

关键词: 棉田, 生态防控, 节肢动物群落, 生物多样性, 物种丰富度

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of different pest management strategies on arthropod community diversity in cotton fields, and to provide a theoretical foundation for establishing an eco-friendly cotton field management approach centered on ecological control.【Method】Three management models—ecological control, no control, and chemical control—were established in cotton fields in Xinjiang. Six methods (visual inspection, Marshall net, sweep net, yellow sticky traps, basin-sweeping, and pitfall traps) were employed to systematically survey the species and abundance of arthropods in cotton fields. Differences in arthropod community composition among the three management models, structural and diversity characteristics of various arthropod functional groups, temporal changes in arthropod diversity indices, and the beneficial-to-pest ratio of the communities were analyzed.【Result】Insect species richness and abundance varied significantly across management models: highest in no control fields (12 orders, 61 families, 85 426 individuals), followed by ecological control fields (14 orders, 78 families, 75 072 individuals), and lowest in chemical control fields (10 orders, 48 families, 41 237 individuals). Hemiptera (Aphidae) and Thysanoptera (Thripidae) were the dominant groups across all three cotton fields. Carnivorous groups were most abundant in ecological control fields (34 families), followed by no control fields (23 families) and chemical control fields (20 families). Phytophagous groups were most abundant in ecological control fields (30 families), followed by no control fields (26 families), and least abundant in chemical control fields (19 families). The species richness of arthropods in cotton fields under ecological control remained at the highest level throughout the entire cotton growth cycle. The trends in diversity indices, concentration, and evenness were consistent across the three treatment groups, while dominance exhibited an inverse relationship with these three indicators. Moreover, the positive effect of ecological control on arthropod species richness and diversity indices was most pronounced during the cotton bud stage. Furthermore, ecological control fields exhibited the highest individual number ratio (1﹕0.882) and family number ratio (1﹕16.825) between carnivorous and phytophagous groups among the three models.【Conclusion】Ecological control can increase the abundance of arthropods and the number of natural enemies in cotton fields, thereby reducing pest populations and positively influencing the structure of arthropod communities in these ecosystems.

Key words: cotton field, ecological pest control, arthropod community, biodiversity, species richness

胡紫钰, 张文慧, 周晓通, 王新怡, 张云鹤, 田雍祺, 张建萍, 蔡志平. 不同害虫管理模式对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(11): 2387-2404.

HU ZiYu, ZHANG WenHui, ZHOU XiaoTong, WANG XinYi, ZHANG YunHe, TIAN YongQi, ZHANG JianPing, CAI ZhiPing. Effects of Different Pest Management Strategies on the Community Structure of Arthropods in Cotton Fields[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(11): 2387-2404.

图/表 6

图1

表1

化学防控棉田用药水平"

棉花生育期 Cotton growing period	日期 Date (m-d)	施用农药名称 Name of pesticide applied	生产厂家 Manufacturer	有效成分含量 Active ingredient content	使用浓度 Usage concentration
苗期 Seedling stage	05-06	高效氯氰菊酯 Beta-cypermethrin	河北安格诺农化有限公司 Hebei Angeno Agrochemical Co., Ltd.	4.5%	375 mL·hm^-2
	05-06	甲哌鎓 Mepiquat chloride	山东戴盟得生物科技有限公司 Shandong Daimengde Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	98%	46.5 g·hm^-2
	05-14	甲哌鎓 Mepiquat chloride	山东戴盟得生物科技有限公司 Shandong Daimengde Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	98%	46.5 g·hm^-2
		啶虫脒 Acetamiprid	河北中天邦正生物科技股份公司 Hebei Zhongtian Bangzheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	20%	75 g·hm^-2
		阿维菌素 Abamectin	河北润达农药化工有限公司 Hebei Runda Pesticide & Chemical Co., Ltd.	5%	180 mL·hm^-2
	05-29	阿维菌素 Abamectin	河北润达农药化工有限公司 Hebei Runda Pesticide & Chemical Co., Ltd.	5%	180 mL·hm^-2
		啶虫脒 Acetamiprid	河北中天邦正生物科技股份公司 Hebei Zhongtian Bangzheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	20%	75 g·hm^-2
		高氯·甲维盐 Emamectin·benzoate	河南波尔森农业科技有限公司 Henan Borsen Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	3.8%	750 g·hm^-2
苗期-蕾期 Seedling- budding stage	06-09	啶虫脒 Acetamiprid	河北中天邦正生物科技股份公司 Hebei Zhongtian Bangzheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	20%	75 g·hm^-2
	06-09	阿维菌素 Abamectin	河北润达农药化工有限公司 Hebei Runda Pesticide & Chemical Co., Ltd.	5%	180 mL·hm^-2
	06-18	烯啶虫胺 Nitenpyram	青岛海纳生物科技有限公司 Qingdao Haina Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	10%	150 mL·hm^-2
		高氯·甲维盐 Emamectin·benzoate	河南波尔森农业科技有限公司 Henan Borsen Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	3.8%	750 g·hm^-2
		乙螨唑 Etoxazole	青岛中达农业科技有限公司 Qingdao Zhongda Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	20%	120 mL·hm^-2
		甲哌鎓 Mepiquat chloride	山东戴盟得生物科技有限公司 Shandong Daimengde Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	98%	46.5 g·hm^-2
蕾期 Budding stage	06-26	啶虫脒 Acetamiprid	河北中天邦正生物科技股份公司 Hebei Zhongtian Bangzheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	20%	75 g·hm^-2
		乙螨唑 Etoxazole	青岛中达农业科技有限公司 Qingdao Zhongda Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	20%	120 mL·hm^-2
		阿维菌素 Abamectin	河北润达农药化工有限公司 Hebei Runda Pesticide & Chemical Co., Ltd.	5%	180 mL·hm^-2
		高氯·甲维盐 Emamectin·benzoate	河南波尔森农业科技有限公司 Henan Borsen Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	3.8%	750 g·hm^-2
		甲哌鎓 Mepiquat chloride	山东戴盟得生物科技有限公司 Shandong Daimengde Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	98%	46.5 g·hm^-2
	07-04	烯啶虫胺 Nitenpyram	青岛海纳生物科技有限公司 Qingdao Haina Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	10%	150 mL·hm^-2
		螺螨酯 Spirodiclofen	拜耳作物科学（中国）有限公司 Bayer Crop Science (China) Co., Ltd.	240 g·L^-1	150 mL·hm^-2
		高氯·甲维盐 Emamectin·benzoate	河南波尔森农业科技有限公司 Henan Borsen Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	3.8%	750 g·hm^-2
		甲哌鎓 Mepiquat chloride	山东戴盟得生物科技有限公司 Shandong Daimengde Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	98%	46.5 g·hm^-2
蕾期-花铃期 Budding- Flower bud stage	07-10	啶虫脒 Acetamiprid	河北中天邦正生物科技股份公司 Hebei Zhongtian Bangzheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	20%	75 g·hm^-2
		阿维菌素 Abamectin	河北润达农药化工有限公司 Hebei Runda Pesticide & Chemical Co., Ltd.	5%	180 mL·hm^-2
		氯虫苯甲酰胺 Chlorantraniliprole	深圳诺普信作物科学股份有限公司 Shenzhen Nopxin Crop Science Co., Ltd.	5%	450 mL·hm^-2
花铃期 Flower bud stage	07-20	烯啶虫胺 Nitenpyram	青岛海纳生物科技有限公司 Qingdao Haina Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	10%	150 mL·hm^-2
		乙螨唑 Etoxazole	青岛中达农业科技有限公司 Qingdao Zhongda Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	20%	120 mL·hm^-2
		高氯·甲维盐 Emamectin Benzoate	河南波尔森农业科技有限公司 Henan Borsen Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	3.8%	750 g·hm^-2
	07-30	螺螨酯 Spirodiclofen	拜耳作物科学（中国）有限公司 Bayer Crop Science (China) Co., Ltd.	240 g·L^-1	150 mL·hm^-2
	08-18	乙螨唑 Etoxazole	青岛中达农业科技有限公司 Qingdao Zhongda Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	20%	120 mL·hm^-2
		高氯·甲维盐 Emamectin·benzoate	河南波尔森农业科技有限公司 Henan Borsen Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	3.8%	750 g·hm^-2
		联苯肼酯 Bifenazate	浙江新安化工集团股份有限公司 Zhejiang Xin’an Chemical Group Co., Ltd.	43%	180 mL·hm^-2
		吡蚜酮 Pymetrozine	陕西上格之路生物科学有限公司 Shaanxi Shangge Road Biological Sciences Co., Ltd.	25%	240 mL·hm^-2
吐絮初期 Early stage of cotton boll opening	08-28	氯虫苯甲酰胺 Chlorantraniliprole	深圳诺普信作物科学股份有限公司 Shenzhen Nopxin Crop Science Co., Ltd.	5%	450 mL·hm^-2
		阿维菌素 Abamectin	河北润达农药化工有限公司 Hebei Runda Pesticide & Chemical Co., Ltd.	5%	180 mL·hm^-2
		啶虫脒 Acetamiprid	河北中天邦正生物科技股份公司 Hebei Zhongtian Bangzheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	20%	75 g·hm^-2
		乙螨唑 Etoxazole	青岛中达农业科技有限公司 Qingdao Zhongda Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.	20%	120 mL·hm^-2

表1

表2

3种害虫管理模式棉田节肢动物群落组成"

目 Order	科 Family	生态防控棉田个体数 Individual number of ecological control cotton fields	所占比例Proportion (%)	化学防控棉田个体数 Individual number of chemical control cotton fields	所占比例Proportion (%)	不防控棉田个体数 Individual number of no control cotton fields	所占比例Proportion (%)	类群 Community
脉翅目 Neuroptera	草蛉科Chrysopidae	353	0.466	124	0.301	211	0.247	肉食性Carnivorous
缨翅目 Thysanoptera	蓟马科Thripinae	15874	20.969	18939	45.927	17354	20.315	植食性Phytophagous
	纹蓟马科Aeolothripidae	243	0.321	115	0.279	198	0.232	肉食性Carnivorous
	管蓟马科Phlaeothripidae	19	0.025	8	0.019	23	0.027	植食性Phytophagous
鞘翅目 Coleoptera	瓢甲科Coccinellidae	2607	3.444	731	1.773	2077	2.431	肉食性Carnivorous
	步甲科Carabidae	2	0.003	1	0.002	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	叶甲科Chrysomelidae	95	0.125	2	0.005	12	0.014	植食性Phytophagous
	薪甲科Latridiidae	12	0.016	20	0.049	13	0.015	植食性Phytophagous
	隐翅甲科Staphylinidae	2	0.003	1	0.002	1	0.001	肉食性Carnivorous
	金龟甲科Scarabaeoidae	11	0.015	2	0.005	8	0.009	其他Other
半翅目 Hemiptera	盲蝽科Miridae	204	0.269	32	0.078	224	0.262	肉食性Carnivorous
	盲蝽科Miridae	65	0.086	17	0.041	61	0.071	植食性Phytophagous
	姬蝽科Nabidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	长蝽科Lygaeidae	2	0.003	0	0	1	0.001	肉食性Carnivorous
	小花蝽科Anthocoridae	297	0.392	22	0.053	209	0.245	肉食性Carnivorous
	猎蝽科Reduviidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	蚜科Aphididae	54333	71.772	20329	49.298	62790	73.502	植食性Phytophagous
	叶蝉科Cicadellidae	49	0.065	12	0.029	42	0.049	植食性Phytophagous
	飞虱科Delphacidae	9	0.012	10	0.024	4	0.005	植食性Phytophagous
	木虱科Psyllidae	6	0.008	1	0.002	0	0	植食性Phytophagous
	蝽科Pentatomidae	7	0.009	1	0.002	2	0.002	植食性Phytophagous
	姬蝽科Nabidae	4	0.005	0	0	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	划蝽科Corixidae	0	0	1	0.002	0	0	植食性Phytophagous
	网蝽科Tingidae	0	0	0	0	1	0.001	植食性Phytophagous
蜘蛛目 Araneida	蟹蛛科Thomisidae	12	0.016	0	0	12	0.014	肉食性Carnivorous
	狼蛛科Lycosidae	5	0.007	5	0.012	2	0.002	肉食性Carnivorous
	跳蛛科Salticidae	1	0.001	1	0.002	7	0.008	肉食性Carnivorous
	皿蛛科Linyphiidae	7	0.009	1	0.002	14	0.016	肉食性Carnivorous
	园蛛科Araneidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	平腹蛛科Gnaphosidae	0	0	0	0	1	0.001	肉食性Carnivorous
膜翅目 Hymenoptera	茧蜂科Braconidae	27	0.036	8	0.019	2	0.002	肉食性Carnivorous
膜翅目 Hymenoptera	蚜茧蜂科Braconidae	175	0.231	87	0.211	134	0.157	肉食性Carnivorous
	寄生蜂总科Platygaster sp.	3	0.004	4	0.010	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	跳小蜂科Encyrtidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	榕小蜂科Agaonidae	1	0.001	1	0.002	2	0.002	植食性Phytophagous
	旗腹蜂科Evaniidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	姬蜂科Ichneumonidae	32	0.042	26	0.063	3	0.004	肉食性Carnivorous
	金小蜂科Pteromalidae	3	0.004	2	0.005	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	隧蜂科Halictidae	2	0.003	0	0	0	0	植食性Phytophagous
	蜜蜂总科Apoidea	1	0.001	0	0	3	0.004	植食性Phytophagous
	叶蜂科Tenthredinidae	1	0.001	0	0	2	0.002	植食性Phytophagous
	小蜂科Chalcididae	33	0.044	0	0	27	0.032	肉食性Carnivorous
	细蜂科Proctotrupidae	75	0.099	0	0	69	0.081	肉食性Carnivorous
	长尾小蜂科Torymidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	植食性Phytophagous
	树蜂科Siricidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	植食性Phytophagous
	蚁科Formicidae	22	0.029	7	0.017	17	0.020	其他Other
	瘿蜂科Cynipidae	0	0	0	0	33	0.039	植食性Phytophagous
双翅目 Diptera	食蚜蝇科Syrphidae	17	0.022	3	0.007	9	0.011	肉食性Carnivorous
	寄蝇科Tachinidae	9	0.012	0	0	7	0.008	肉食性Carnivorous
	水虻科Stratiomyidae	1	0.001	2	0.005	4	0.005	其他Other
	长足虻科Dolichopodidae	5	0.007	0	0	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
	实蝇科Tephritidae	61	0.081	18	0.044	36	0.042	植食性Phytophagous
	潜蝇科Agromyzidae	3	0.004	1	0.002	1	0.001	植食性Phytophagous
	果蝇科Drosophilidae	30	0.040	7	0.017	35	0.041	植食性Phytophagous
	叶蝇科Milichiidae	1	0.001	0	0	1	0.001	植食性Phytophagous
	蚊科Culicidae	14	0.018	0	0	15	0.018	植食性Phytophagous
	眼蕈蚊科Sciaridae	4	0.005	1	0.002	1	0.001	植食性Phytophagous
	瘿蚊科Cecidomyiidae	30	0.040	20	0.049	50	0.059	植食性Phytophagous
	菌蚊科Mycetophilidae	5	0.007	0	0	1	0.001	植食性Phytophagous
	大蚊科Tipulidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	其他Other
	蝇科Muscidae	24	0.032	1	0.002	4	0.005	肉食性Carnivorous
	秆蝇科Chloropidae	2	0.003	0	0	4	0.005	植食性Phytophagous
	秆蝇科Chloropidae	12	0.016	16	0.039	61	0.071	其他Other
	花蝇科Anthomyiidae	43	0.057	0	0	83	0.097	植食性Phytophagous
	丽蝇科Calliphoridae	1	0.001	1	0.002	1	0.001	其他Other
	蚤蝇科Phoridae	708	0.935	624	1.513	1450	1.697	其他Other
	摇蚊科Chironomidae	16	0.021	7	0.017	14	0.016	其他Other
	水蝇科Hydrocoridae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	植食性Phytophagous
	寡脉蝇科Asteiidae	2	0.003	0	0	0	0	其他Other
	缟蝇科Lauxaniidae	8	0.011	2	0.005	3	0.004	其他Other
	尖翅蝇科Lonchopteridae	25	0.033	0	0	3	0.004	其他Other
	鼓翅蝇科epsidae	2	0.003	0	0	1	0.001	其他Other
	斑蝇科Physiphora	1	0.001	0	0	1	0.001	其他Other
革翅目 Dermaptera	蠼螋科Labiduridae	50	0.066	15	0.036	40	0.047	肉食性Carnivorous
革翅目 Dermaptera	球螋科Forficulidae	5	0.007	1	0.002	2	0.002	肉食性Carnivorous
蜻蜓目Odonata	蟌科Coenagrionidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
螳螂目Mantodea	螳螂科Mantodea	2	0.003	0	0	0	0	肉食性Carnivorous
鳞翅目 Lepidoptera	粉蝶科Pieridae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	植食性Phytophagous
	夜蛾科Noctuidae	9	0.012	3	0.007	13	0.015	植食性Phytophagous
	螟蛾科Pyralidae	0	0	1	0.002	0	0	植食性Phytophagous
等足目Isopoda	鼠妇科Porcellionidae	4	0.005	2	0.005	3	0.004	其他Other
啮虫目 Corrodentia	半啮科Hemibrycon	2	0.003	2	0.005	21	0.025	肉食性Carnivorous
直翅目 Orthoptera	蟋蟀科Gryllidae	1	0.001	0	0	0	0	植食性Phytophagous
蜚蠊目Blattaria	斑蠊科Blattidae	0	0	0	0	3	0.004	植食性Phytophagous
总计Total		75072		41237		85426

表2

表3

表4

图2

参考文献 58

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类群 Group		生态防控棉田 Ecological control cotton fields		化学防控棉田 Chemical control cotton fields		不防控棉田 No control cotton fields
类群 Group		数量 Number	百分比 Percent (%)	数量 Number	百分比 Percent (%)	数量 Number	百分比 Percent (%)
肉食性类群 Carnivorous group	科数Family	34	43.59	20	41.67	23	37.70
肉食性类群 Carnivorous group	个体数Individual	1402±1798a	5.56	393±173c	2.87	1091±246b	3.83
植食性类群Phytophagous group	科数Family	30	38.46	19	39.58	26	42.62
植食性类群Phytophagous group	个体数Individual	23594±2573b	93.36	13130±3166c	95.52	26862±1366a	94.34
其他类群 Other group	科数Family	14	17.95	9	18.75	12	19.67
其他类群 Other group	个体数Individual	271±26b	1.08	221±22b	1.61	522±125a	1.83

类群 Group	处理 Treatment	物种丰富度 Species richness	香农多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener index	优势集中性 Simpon index	优势度 Dominance index	均匀度 Evenness index
肉食性类群 Carnivorous group	生态防控棉田Ecological control cotton field	3.955±0.239a	1.537±0.068a	0.596±0.040a	0.404±0.010a	0.435±0.012a
	化学防控棉田Chemical control cotton field	2.686±0.128b	1.421±0.043a	0.590±0.013a	0.410±0.026a	0.472±0.011a
	不防控棉田No control cotton field	2.718±0.087b	1.457±0.047a	0.579±0.034a	0.421±0.021a	0.464±0.020a
植食性类群 Phytophagous group	生态防控棉田Ecological control cotton field	2.597±0.053a	0.588±0.035b	0.359±0.011b	0.641±0.028a	0.173±0.004b
	化学防控棉田Chemical control cotton field	1.701±0.065c	0.719±0.023a	0.503±0.015a	0.498±0.028b	0.244±0.012a
	不防控棉田No control cotton field	2.213±0.080b	0.568±0.015b	0.347±0.010b	0.654±0.011a	0.174±0.009b
其他类群 Other group	生态防控棉田Ecological control cotton field	1.749±0.066a	0.601±0.023a	0.220±0.020a	0.780±0.023b	0.232±0.024a
	化学防控棉田Chemical control cotton field	1.078±0.071c	0.309±0.017b	0.108±0.003b	0.892±0.019a	0.146±0.021b
	不防控棉田No control cotton field	1.357±0.064b	0.354±0.029b	0.132±0.003b	0.868±0.034ab	0.146±0.005b
总群落 Total arthropod community	生态防控棉田Ecological control cotton field	6.945±0.123a	0.895±0.018a	0.436±0.039ab	0.720±0.057a	0.206±0.007b
	化学防控棉田Chemical control cotton field	4.518±0.020c	0.928±0.037a	0.543±0.019a	0.494±0.034b	0.240±0.009a
	不防控棉田No control cotton field	5.549±0.003b	0.836±0.021a	0.415±0.036b	0.737±0.027a	0.202±0.007b