中国农业科学 ›› 2014, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (22): 4453-4462.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.22.011

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

南疆滴灌棉田休闲期土壤入渗特性研究

姚宝林1,2,李光永1,李发永2   

  1. 1中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院,北京 100083
    2塔里木大学水利与建筑工程学院,新疆阿拉尔 843300
  • 收稿日期:2014-07-14 修回日期:2014-09-08 出版日期:2014-11-16 发布日期:2014-11-16
  • 通讯作者: 李光永,E-mail:lgycau@163.com
  • 作者简介:姚宝林,E-mail:yaobaolinabcde@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(51169024)、国家科技支撑计划(2013BAC10B01)

Soil Infiltration Characteristics in Fallow Period of Drip Irrigation Cotton Fields in South Xinjiang

YAO Bao-lin1,2,  LI Guang-yong1, LI Fa-yong2   

  1. 1College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083
    2College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, Xinjiang
  • Received:2014-07-14 Revised:2014-09-08 Online:2014-11-16 Published:2014-11-16

摘要: 【目的】南疆塔里木盆地是生态环境极其脆弱的极端干旱内陆河流域,是中国主要优质棉生产基地,覆膜及滴灌等节水灌溉技术的发展缓解了棉花生育期水资源短缺矛盾,但冬春灌定额较高。探索膜下滴灌棉田不同地表覆盖模式和冬灌定额对春季休闲期土壤入渗特性的影响,为合理确定春灌定额和提高灌水效率提供依据。【方法】利用双环定水头土壤入渗仪进行土壤入渗试验,设计灌溉方式为冬灌定额200 mm和免冬灌两种;地表覆盖方式分为裸地(冬灌前拔掉棉秆、揭去残膜)、留秆(冬灌时棉秆不拔除,棉秆及残膜留在地里)和玉米秸秆覆盖(冬灌后在留秆棉田覆盖长度5—10 cm、厚度5 cm的玉米秸秆)3种,合计6个处理。比较各处理土壤入渗特性、模型模拟土壤入渗过程、分析土壤入渗影响因素。【结果】冬灌可降低土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量,冬灌裸地、留秆和秸秆覆盖初始入渗率比免冬灌裸地、留秆和秸秆覆盖减少22.51%、21.49%和12.94%;稳定入渗率分别减少75.86%、27.27%和42.86%;累计入渗量分别减少61.98%、22.18%和29.31%,(免)冬灌秸秆覆盖初始入渗率比裸地和留秆分别减少14.74%、15.20%和4.20%、5.96%;(免)冬灌稳定入渗速率和累计入渗量为裸地>秸秆覆盖>留杆处理,稳定入渗率(免)冬灌裸地分别是秸秆覆盖和留秆的2.96、4.39倍和1.25、1.46倍,累计入渗量免冬灌裸地最大,为免冬灌秸秆覆盖的2.13倍、免冬灌留秆的2.39倍、冬灌裸地2.63倍、冬灌秸秆覆盖3.01倍和冬灌留秆3.07倍。免冬灌裸地入渗速率衰减速度最慢,冬灌裸地入渗速率衰减速度最快。通过对决定系数和均方根误差的分析,通用经验模型和 Kostiakov模型能较好模拟各处理土壤入渗过程,Horton模型次之,Philip模型拟合较差。相关分析表明,土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量与土壤初始含水量和土壤干容重成负相关关系,而与土壤温度和土壤总孔隙度成正相关关系。土壤浅层初始含水量较深层初始含水量对土壤入渗参数影响明显。初始入渗率与0—10 cm土壤初始含水量、土壤温度、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度成显著相关关系,稳定入渗率和累计入渗量与0—10 cm土壤初始含水量、土壤容重、土壤孔隙度成显著相关关系。【结论】南疆滴灌棉田冬季休闲期通过地表覆盖和灌水可降低春季土壤入渗性能,有利于减少春季灌水定额,提高灌水效率。

关键词: 南疆, 滴灌棉田, 土壤入渗, 入渗模型

Abstract: 【Objective】The ecological environment in Tarim basin of southern Xinjiang is extremely fragile, as it’s in the arid inland river basin. As the major high quality cotton production base, mulching, drip irrigation and other water-saving irrigation technologies have relieved the contradictions of the water shortages during cotton growth period, but the winter-spring irrigation quota is relatively high. The infiltration characteristics and its influencing factors of drip irrigation cotton fields during fallow period under different surface mulching and winter irrigation quotas in south Xinjiang were studied with the aiming atproviding a theoretical basis for the spring irrigation quota and irrigation efficiency.【Method】The double-ring infiltrometer was used to measure the infiltration in a constant-head experiment. Six treatments for winter irrigation with bare fields (WIB, and the winter irrigation quota was 200 mm, the same as below), winter irrigation with high stubble fields (WIS), winter irrigation with straw mulching fields (WIM), no-winter irrigation with bare fields (NWIB), no-winter irrigation with high stubble fields (NWIS) and no-winter irrigation with straw mulching fields (NWIM) were designed. The soil infiltration characteristics and simulation infiltration process were compared and the infiltration factors were analyzed.【Result】The results showed that winter irrigation reduced initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration, while WIB, WIS and WIM decreased the initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration compared with NWIB, NWIS and NWIM by 22.51%, 21.49% and 12.94%, 75.86%, 27.27% and 42.86%, 61.98%, 22.18% and 29.31%, respectively. NWIM and WIM reduced the initial infiltration rate compared with bare field and high stubble fields by 14.74%, 15.20% and 4.20%, 5.96%, respectively. NWIM and WIM stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration showed bare fields>straw mulching fields>high stubble fields, stable infiltration rate of NWIB and WIB were 2.96 times, 4.39 times and 1.25 times, 1.46 times larger than straw mulching fields and high stubble fields. Cumulative infiltration NWIB was 2.13 times, 2.39 times, 2.63 times, 3.01 times and 3.07 times larger than NWIM, NWIS, WIB, WIS and WIS. In consideration of determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE), regression analysis of model simulation indicated that general empirical model and Kositiakov model were optimal for describing the soil infiltration process while Horton model was the second, Philip infiltration model was the third. Correlation analysis showed that the soil initial water content and soil bulk density have a negative relationship, but soil temperature and soil porosity have a positive relationship with initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration. Initial moisture content of the shallow affected soil infiltration parameters obviously compared with deep soil water content. Initial infiltration rate showed a significant correlation with initial soil water content, soil temperature, soil bulk density and soil porosity at the depth of 0-10 cm soil, stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration showed a significant correlation with initial soil water content, soil bulk density and soil porosity at the depth of 0-10 cm soil. 【Conclusion】Winter irrigation and mulching reduced soil infiltration capacity during spring fallow period in south Xinjiang, and this method is beneficial to reducing spring irrigation quotas and improving irrigation efficiency.

Key words: South Xinjiang, drip irrigation cotton fields, soil infiltration, soil infiltration model