中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (8): 1535-1549.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.006

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同氮素形态对夏玉米产量和品质的影响

薛钰琦(), 赵继玉, 孙旺胜, 任佰朝, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 张吉旺()   

  1. 山东农业大学农学院,山东泰安 271018
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11 接受日期:2024-12-10 出版日期:2025-04-16 发布日期:2025-04-21
  • 联系方式: 薛钰琦,E-mail:1120962681@qq.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(32172115); 国家农业科技重点项目(NK2022180803); 国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-02-21)

Effects of Different Nitrogen Forms on Yield and Quality of Summer Maize

XUE YuQi(), ZHAO JiYu, SUN WangSheng, REN BaiZhao, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, ZHANG JiWang()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong
  • Received:2024-09-11 Accepted:2024-12-10 Published:2025-04-16 Online:2025-04-21

摘要:

【目的】研究不同氮素形态对夏玉米灌浆特性、籽粒品质及产量的影响,为夏玉米生产选择适宜氮肥种类、提高产量和籽粒品质提供科学依据。【方法】试验于2022-2023年在山东泰安进行。选用登海605(DH605)为试验材料,施氮量210 kg N·hm-2,设置5个处理:酰胺态氮(尿素,UREA);硝态氮(硝酸钙,NN);铵态氮(氯化铵,AN);硝态氮和铵态氮配施(1﹕1,HH);酰胺态氮、硝态氮和铵态氮配施的尿素硝酸铵溶液(2﹕1﹕1,UAN)。通过测定夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性、籽粒品质特性和籽粒容重,探析不同氮素形态对夏玉米产量和品质的影响。【结果】与常规施用酰胺态氮UREA相比,NN的产量和籽粒品质均降低;AN的产量增加但籽粒品质降低;HH的产量显著提高且不影响籽粒品质;UAN可显著提高产量并改善籽粒品质。其中,2年产量均以3种氮素形态配施(UAN)最高,较UREA显著增加13.7%—16.3%;其次是AN和HH,较UREA产量分别显著增加5.2%—6.8%和7.3%—10.6%;NN的产量较UREA降低了5.4%—5.8%。与UREA相比,UAN的灌浆速率最大时的生长量(Wmax)提高了6.3%—9.7%,籽粒灌浆活跃期(D)延长了7.7%—10.9%;AN和HH通过增加Wmax,延长D,从而促进粒重积累以提高产量。NN的WmaxD、籽粒灌浆速率和脱水速率显著低于其他处理。粗蛋白含量以NN和AN较低,较UREA分别降低了20.6%—22.0%和15.2%—17.4%,NN粗脂肪含量显著高于其他处理,与UREA相比增加了23.6%—30.9%。与UREA相比,UAN可改善籽粒品质,总淀粉和支链淀粉含量较UREA分别提高了4.9%—5.2%和11.7%—14.4%,支链/直链淀粉值增加了39.0%—39.1%,直链淀粉含量降低了14.1%—16.8%;UAN的粗蛋白含量提高了11.7%—24.1%。UAN的籽粒容重显著高于其他处理。【结论】与常规施用酰胺态氮相比,硝态氮处理籽粒灌浆受到抑制,粒重减小,产量降低;铵态氮或多种氮素形态配施均可改善籽粒灌浆过程,增加籽粒重量,从而提高产量;与施用单一氮素形态相比,3种氮素形态配施可以实现产量和籽粒品质的协同提升。

关键词: 夏玉米, 氮素形态, 产量, 籽粒灌浆特性, 籽粒品质

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of different nitrogen forms on filling characteristics, grain quality and yield of summer maize were studied, so as to provide the scientific basis for selecting suitable nitrogen fertilizer types and improving the yield and grain quality of summer maize. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Taian, Shandong Province from 2022 to 2023. Denghai 605 (DH605) was selected as the experimental material, with a nitrogen application rate of 210 kg N·hm-2. The experiment included five treatments: amide nitrogen (Urea, UREA), nitrate nitrogen (Calcium nitrate, NN), ammonium nitrogen (Ammonium chloride, AN), co-application of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen (1:1, HH), and urea ammonium nitrate solution with a blend of amide nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen (2:1:1, UAN). The effects of different nitrogen forms on the yield and quality of summer maize were investigated by determining the grain filling characteristics, grain quality characteristics and grain capacity of summer maize. 【Result】Compared with the conventional application of amide nitrogen in UREA, both the maize yield and grain quality under NN decreased. The maize yield under AN increased, but the grain quality decreased. HH significantly increased maize yield without affecting grain quality. UAN significantly increased maize yield and improved grain quality. Over the two years, the highest maize yield achieved with the co-application of the three nitrogen forms, significantly increasing by 13.7% to 16.3% compared with UREA. The Next the highest maize yield were from AN and HH, which significantly increased maize yield by 5.2% to 6.8% and 7.3% to 10.6%, respectively, compared with UREA. The maize yield under NN decreased by 5.4% to 5.8% compared with UREA. Compared with UREA, the growth amount at the maximum filling rate (Wmax) under UAN was enhanced by 6.3% to 9.7%, and the active filling period (D) was extended by 7.7% to 10.9%. Both AN and HH increased Wmax and prolonged D, thereby promoting the accumulation of grain weight and increasing yield. The Wmax, D, grain filling rate, and dehydration rate of NN were significantly lower than those in the other treatments. The crude protein content was lower with NN and AN, decreasing by 20.6% to 22.0% and 15.2% to 17.4% than that under UREA, respectively. The rude fat content with NN was significantly higher than that of other treatments, increasing by 23.6% to 30.9% than that under UREA. Compared with UREA, UAN improved grain quality, with total starch and amylopectin content increasing by 4.9% to 5.2% and 11.7% to 14.4%, respectively, compared with UREA, and the ratio of amylopectin to amylose increased by 31.0% to 39.1%. The amylose content decreased by 14.1% to 16.8%. The crude protein content of UAN increased by 11.7% to 24.1%. The grain bulk weight under UAN was significantly higher than that under other treatments. 【Conclusion】Compared with the conventional application of amide nitrogen, the treatment with nitrate nitrogen inhibited grain filling, reduced grain weight, and decreased yield. In contrast, ammonium nitrogen or the co-application of multiple nitrogen forms enhanced the grain filling process, increased grain weight, and thereby improved yield. Furthermore, compared with the application of a single nitrogen form, the co-application of three nitrogen forms could achieve a synergistic improvement in both yield and grain quality.

Key words: summer maize, nitrogen forms, yield, grain filling characteristics, grain quality