氮肥减施及绿肥混作对土壤质量和小麦产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.22.012

中国农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (22): 4718-4731.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.22.012

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

氮肥减施及绿肥混作对土壤质量和小麦产量的影响

张明龙¹(), 柴强¹, 韩梅², 樊志龙¹, 殷文¹, 范虹¹, 何蔚¹, 孙亚丽¹, 胡发龙¹(), 谈燕³()

¹ 甘肃农业大学农学院/省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室，兰州 730070
² 青海大学农林科学院，西宁 810016
³ 甘肃农业大学林学院，兰州 730070

收稿日期:2025-01-03 接受日期:2025-03-27 出版日期:2025-11-16 发布日期:2025-11-21
通信作者:
胡发龙，E-mail：hufl@gsau.edu.cn。
谈燕，E-mail：tany@gsau.edu.cn。
联系方式: 张明龙，E-mail：19994353877@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1700204); 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-22-G-12); 甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才培育项目(Gaufx-05Y09); 甘肃陇原青年英才项目(LYYC-2025-05)

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Green Manure Mixed Cropping on Soil Quality and Wheat Yield

ZHANG MingLong¹(), CHAI Qiang¹, HAN Mei², FAN ZhiLong¹, YIN Wen¹, FAN Hong¹, HE Wei¹, SUN YaLi¹, HU FaLong¹(), TAN Yan³()

¹ College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070
² College of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016
³ College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070

Received:2025-01-03 Accepted:2025-03-27 Published:2025-11-16 Online:2025-11-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】筛选适宜的绿肥配置模式，以减少小麦施氮量，为青海高原土壤质量提升和小麦增产稳产提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】2022—2023年在青海大学农林科学院试验基地进行裂区试验，主区设置为施氮水平，即225 kg·N·hm^-2（N2，习惯施氮）、158 kg·N·hm^-2（N1，习惯施氮减量30%）；副区为4种绿肥配置模式，即箭筈豌豆单作（CV）、箭筈豌豆与青稞混作（CV×CH）、箭筈豌豆与毛叶苕子混作（CV×HV）、箭筈豌豆与油菜混作（CV×RS）。【结果】箭筈豌豆混作青稞土壤容重和pH较箭筈豌豆单作分别降低8.6%—10.5%和3.3%—3.4%，较箭筈豌豆混作毛叶苕子分别降低3.3%—5.8%和1.6%—1.9%，较箭筈豌豆混作油菜分别降低4.9%—7.5%和2.3%—2.4%。箭筈豌豆混作青稞土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较箭筈豌豆单作分别提高20.0%—22.3%、8.3%—9.7%、11.2%—15.6%、14.6%—16.4%、14.8%—20.1%、16.8%—18.9%、16.4%—19.4%和23.8%—24.6%，较箭筈豌豆混作毛叶苕子分别提高12.6%—13.8%、3.9%—4.2%、3.1%—4.9%、4.8%—5.5%、7.5%—8.2%、8.2%—8.7%、6.1%—7.7%和6.9%—10.7%，较箭筈豌豆混作油菜分别提高26.7%—35.4%、14.3%—14.4%、7.0%—8.2%、7.9%—9.8%、23.5%—28.0%、23.5%—25.3%、11.5%—12.3%和16.5%—19.6%。减氮30%处理土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性较习惯施氮分别提高3.2%—4.1%和4.5%—4.9%。此外，箭筈豌豆混作青稞土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶较箭筈豌豆单作分别提高20.1%—24.7%、10.5%—14.4%、12.2%—16.9%和12.2%—12.6%，较箭筈豌豆混作毛叶苕子分别提高12.0%—12.5%、4.2%—5.2%、6.4%—7.6%和4.7%—6.2%，较箭筈豌豆混作油菜分别提高28.1%—33.6%、15.2%—19.1%、18.7%—24.2%和5.7%—5.8%。减氮30%处理土壤质量指数较传统施氮提高17.1%，箭筈豌豆混作青稞和箭筈豌豆混作毛叶苕子土壤质量指数较箭筈豌豆单作分别提高142.3%和76.6%。在氮肥减施30%条件下，箭筈豌豆混作青稞的小麦籽粒产量与传统施氮差异不显著，但较箭筈豌豆单作和箭筈豌豆混作毛叶苕子分别提高10.4%—12.5%和4.8%—5.9%。Mantel检验表明，土壤质量指数和小麦产量与土壤有机质、全量养分、速效养分及酶活性呈显著正相关关系，与土壤容重、pH呈显著负相关关系。此外，随机森林模型预测发现，有机质、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶等指标是影响小麦产量的关键因子。【结论】减氮30%结合箭筈豌豆混作青稞可改善土壤理化性质、提升土壤酶活性、提高土壤质量和小麦产量，可作为青海高原地区适宜的生产模式。

关键词: 减氮, 绿肥, 混作, 土壤质量, 小麦产量

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to screen a suitable green manure configuration mode to reduce the amount of nitrogen applied to wheat, so as to provide the theoretical basis and technical support for improving soil quality and increasing wheat yield and stable yield in Qinghai Plateau. 【Method】The split plot experiment was carried out in the experimental base of the Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University from 2022 to 2023. The main plot was set as nitrogen application level, namely 225 kgN·hm^-2 (N2, customary nitrogen application), and 158 kgN·hm^-2 (N1, 30% reduction of customary nitrogen application); the split plot was divided into four green manure configuration modes, namely common vetch monoculture (CV), common vetch and highland barley mixed cropping (CV×CH), common vetch and hairy vetch mixed cropping (CV×HV), and common vetch and rapeseed mixed cropping (CV×RS). 【Result】The soil bulk density and pH of common vetch mixed with highland barley were 8.6%-10.5% and 3.3%-3.4% lower than those of common vetch monoculture, 3.3%-5.8% and 1.6%-1.9% lower than those of common vetch mixed with hairy vetch, and 4.9%-7.5% and 2.3%-2.4% lower than those of common vetch mixed with rape, respectively. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the mixed cropping of common vetch were 20.0%-22.3%, 8.3%-9.7%, 11.2%-15.6%, 14.6%-16.4%, 14.8%-20.1%, 16.8%-18.9%, 16.4%-19.4%, 23.8%-24.6% higher than those in the single cropping of common vetch, 12.6%-13.8%, 3.9%-4.2%, 3.1%-4.9%, 4.8%-5.5%, 7.5%-8.2%, 8.2%-8.7%, 6.1%-7.7%, 6.9%-10.7% higher than those of common vetch mixed with hairy vetch, and 26.7%-35.4%, 14.3%-14.4%, 7.0%-8.2%, 7.9%-9.8%, 23.5%-28.0%, 23.5%-25.3%, 11.5%-12.3%, 16.5%-19.6% higher than those of common vetch mixed with rape, respectively. The activities of soil sucrase and catalase were increased by 3.2%-4.1% and 4.5%-4.9%, respectively, in the 30% nitrogen reduction treatment compared with the conventional nitrogen application. In addition, the activities of soil sucrase, urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase were increased by 20.1%-24.7%, 10.5%-14.4%, 12.2%-16.9%, and 12.2%-12.6%, respectively, in the common vetch mixed cropping of highland barley compared with the common vetch monoculture, 12.0%-12.5%, 4.2%-5.2%, 6.4%-7.6%, 4.7%-6.2% compared with the common vetch mixed with hairy vetch, and 28.1%-33.6%, 15.2%-19.1%, 18.7%-24.2%, 5.7%-5.8% compared with the common vetch mixed with rape, respectively. The soil quality index of 30% nitrogen reduction treatment was 17.1% higher than that of the traditional nitrogen application. Furthermore, the soil quality index for the intercropping of common vetch with hulless barley and the intercropping of common vetch with hairy vetch were 142.3% and 76.6% higher, respectively, compared with the single cropping of common vetch. Under the condition of a 30% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application, the wheat grain yield of the treatment with common vetch intercropped with hulless barley did not show significant difference compared to traditional nitrogen application. However, it was 10.4%-12.5% and 4.8%-5.9% higher, respectively, than that of single cropping of common vetch and intercropping of common vetch with hairy vetch. The Mantel test indicates that soil quality index and wheat yield were significantly positively correlated with soil organic matter, total nutrients, available nutrients, and enzyme activity, while they were significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density and pH. Additionally, the random forest model identified soil organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, sucrase activity and urease activity were the key factors influencing wheat yield. 【Conclusion】The 30% nitrogen reduction treatment combined with common vetch mixed with highland barley could improve soil quality and wheat yield by improving soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activity, which could be used as a suitable production mode in Qinghai Plateau.

Key words: nitrogen reduction, green manure, mixed cropping, soil quality, wheat yield

张明龙, 柴强, 韩梅, 樊志龙, 殷文, 范虹, 何蔚, 孙亚丽, 胡发龙, 谈燕. 氮肥减施及绿肥混作对土壤质量和小麦产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2025, 58(22): 4718-4731.

ZHANG MingLong, CHAI Qiang, HAN Mei, FAN ZhiLong, YIN Wen, FAN Hong, HE Wei, SUN YaLi, HU FaLong, TAN Yan. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Green Manure Mixed Cropping on Soil Quality and Wheat Yield[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(22): 4718-4731.

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年份 Year	施氮水平 N application level	绿肥配置模式 Green manure cropping pattern	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg∙kg^-1)	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg∙kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg∙kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg∙kg^-1)
2022	N2	CV	17.9d	8.2e	9.4cd	173.5d
		CV×CH	20.2b	9.8b	10.8a	214.1a
		CV×HV	18.8c	9.2c	10.2ab	194.5b
		CV×RS	16.0f	7.8f	9.7bcd	175.9d
	N1	CV	17.9d	8.6d	9.6d	170.1d
		CV×CH	21.0a	10.3a	11.2a	214.1a
		CV×HV	19.2c	9.2c	10.5abc	192.2bc
		CV×RS	17.3e	8.2e	10.1bcd	182.0cd
2023	N2	CV	18.5e	8.8d	10.3c	186.0c
		CV×CH	22.5b	10.5a	12.0a	231.2a
		CV×HV	21.2c	9.6b	11.2b	216.6b
		CV×RS	17.8f	8.3f	10.9b	197.6c
	N1	CV	19.4d	9.1c	10.0c	186.9c
		CV×CH	23.2a	10.5a	12.1a	230.6a
		CV×HV	21.3c	9.7b	11.2b	215.4b
		CV×RS	17.9f	8.7e	10.6bc	198.5c
显著性（P值）Significance (P value)
施氮水平N application level (N)			0.061	0.052	0.265	0.977
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)			0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
施氮水平×种植模式 N×C			0.018	0.000	0.821	0.801

年份 Year	施氮水平 N application level	绿肥配置模式 Green manure cropping pattern	蔗糖酶 Sucrase (mg∙g^-1∙d^-1)	脲酶 Urease (μg∙g^-1∙d^-1)	过氧化氢酶 Catalase (μmol∙g^-1∙h^-1)	碱性磷酸酶 Alkaline phosphatase (nmol∙g^-1∙h^-1)
2022	N2	CV	12.2d	376.8d	1789.4bcd	181.0d
		CV×CH	14.9a	425.1b	2105.2a	201.0ab
		CV×HV	13.2bc	408.8c	1914.7b	192.4bcd
		CV×RS	11.3e	355.0f	1685.7d	192.3bcd
	N1	CV	12.6cd	376.2d	1869.2bc	183.8cd
		CV×CH	15.1a	436.5a	2172.2a	208.6a
		CV×HV	13.5b	410.1c	2059.8a	193.2bcd
		CV×RS	12.1de	368.6e	1759.4cd	195.1bc
2023	N2	CV	13.4de	410.9de	1963.6bc	191.7c
		CV×CH	16.6a	447.6b	2141.9ab	215.9a
		CV×HV	14.8bc	430.9c	2026.1bc	207.0a
		CV×RS	12.5e	391.2f	1850.3c	203.8bcd
	N1	CV	13.8cd	418.7cd	1999.6bc	192.4bc
		CV×CH	17.5a	469.8a	2303.1a	216.7a
		CV×HV	15.4b	449.5b	2151.5ab	206.4ab
		CV×RS	12.9de	405.0e	1892.2c	204.9bcd
显著性（P值）Significance (P value)
施氮水平N application level (N)			0.035	0.051	0.026	0.560
种植模式 Cropping pattern (C)			0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
施氮水平×种植模式 N×C			0.509	0.042	0.728	0.926

氮肥减施及绿肥混作对土壤质量和小麦产量的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Green Manure Mixed Cropping on Soil Quality and Wheat Yield

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